Hunefeldt C., Harris B. A Brief History of Peru
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
Cajamarca (city) 37f, 176f, 198,
237
Almagr
o, Diego de, arrival 38
archbishop 253
Huari 7
Iglesias, Miguel, from 149
Montero, Lizardo,
government 150
Pizarro, Francisco, conquest
35–37
Callao
APRA uprising 214
Chinese immigrants 131
civil war 200
Cochrane blockade 99
earthquake 71
gobernación 45
harbor 68f, 146f
labor organization 174
Lima, connection to 42
population 106t
postindependence ruin 114
priests 73
railr
oad 133
from Cerro de Pasco
139
to Cerro de Pasco 153
Seville, connection to 42
silver exports 60t
Spain, war with 130
Spanish attack on 126,
138
Spanish control 102
Spanish Empir
e port xiii
Spanish refuge 105
Cambio ’90 Party 257
camellones 8–9
Caminaca 137–138
Cámpora, Héctor 232
Candamo, Manuel 158
Cañete 162
Cañete Valley 14, 244
Canseco, Diez 138
Canterac, José de 104
Canton (Guangzhou) 131
Capac A
yllu 33
Capachica 137
Capac Raymi 29
Capelo, Joaquín 181
CAP (cooperativa agraria de
pr
oducción) 243, 247, 251
Caracas, V
enezuela 88, 92, 223
Caravedo, Baltazar 137–138
Cárdenas, Lázaro 230
Cartagena, Colombia 68
Carumas 44
Casa de Contratación 46–47, 49,
67–68, 70
Casa de la Moneda. See Potosí
Casana 29
Casa verde, La (Vargas Llosa)
220
castas 117
Castile 43, 84
Castilla, Ramón 122, 129, 136,
141–142
Castr
o, Fidel 232
Castro Pozo, Hildebrando 181
Castro Titu Cusi Yupanqui, Diego
del 40
CAT (cooperativa agraria de
trabajador
es) 246
Catholic University 265
cattle raising 161, 166, 249
CAU (cooperativa agraria de
usuarios) 246
caudillos 113–114
census 73, 117, 123, 131,
172–173, 209
Center of High Militar
y Studies
227
Central Bank 205, 207, 218
Central Bureau of the Peruvian
Workers Confederation 231
Central Committee for Indian
Rights 184
Central Highway 189
Central Intelligence Agency, U.S.
263
Cercado district (Lima) 76
Cerpa 261f
Cerro de Pasco (city) 115f, 139,
153, 187, 197, 209, 212
Cerr
o de Pasco (mountain) 115f
Cerro de Pasco (region) 161
Bolívar
, Símon 104
cattle raising 166, 168
indigenous revolt 154
labor organization 176
minted money 125
Montaro Valley food 140
postindependence mining
115
silver mining 138–139
silver production 138t
Cerr
o de Pasco Corporation 160,
204, 216
Cerro de Pasco Mining
Corporation 231–232
Cerro de San Francisco 174
Cerro Rico 60–64
Chachapoyas 52
Chamber of Commerce 157
Chamber of Deputies 217
Chanca 13, 16, 25
Chancay 2t, 59
Chancay Valley 174
Chanchamayo 209
Chan Chan 9–10, 9f–10f, 18
Charcas, Audiencia de 45, 62,
84, 89
Charles III (king of Spain) 87
Charles V (king of Spain) 37, 39,
42, 50, 52, 69
Chavín 2t, 2–3, 27
Chavín de Huántar 3
Chero Zurita, Luis 5
Chicama V
alley 177
Chiclayo 5, 191, 200
Chile. See also War of the Pacific
Allende, Salvador 232
Almagr
o expedition to 38
alternative to Peruvian
immigration 156
Billinghurst, Guillermo,
mines lost to 183
border with Peru xi
Cáceres, Andrés,
collaboration 154
capital from 260
Cuzco markets 137
García Calderón, Ventura
159
imports from 71
Inca Empire 12, 18
independence 99
land distribution 233
marriage and economics 84
nitrate mine ownership
143
Pinochet, Augusto 262
Popular Front Party 230
Protocol of Rio de Janeiro
206
territorial dispute 188
Tiwanaku 8
trade with 118
Treaty of Lima 191
troops in Peru 102
visitador general 89
Vivanco, Mariano Ignacio,
exiled to 122
war with 119
wheat imports 141
Chillón 244
Chimbote 219
Chimor 9–11, 18
Chimú 2t, 9–11, 14, 22, 24, 26
China 260
Chincha (city) 162
Chincha (ethnic gr
oup) 13–14
Chincha coast 25
Chincha Islands 124f, 130, 130f
Chinchaysuyo 18–19
Chincher
o 95
Chinchoros 2t
Chinese 125, 129, 131–133,
132f, 142, 148, 161, 164
Chiponahuas 18
Chira 189
Chiribaya 2t
Chiripa 2t
“Cholo, El.” See Toledo,
Alejandro
Choquehuanca, Diego de 104
Choque Ispana 27
Chorrillos 133
Chota 104
Christ 196
Chucuito 52, 183
Chufas 38
Chunchos 18
A BRIEF HISTORY OF PERU
294
Chuschi 239
Cieza de León, Pedro de 18–19,
22, 36
City of Kings (Ciudad de los
Reyes). See Lima
Ciudad y los per
ros, La (Vargas
Llosa) 220
civilistas. See Partido Civil
Civil W
ar, U.S. 131
Club Nacional 185
Cobo, Bernabé 19, 29, 69
coca 254–255, 265
Cochabamba 64, 89
Cochrane, Thomas Alexander,
Lord 99, 102
Codesio, Julia 181
coffee 169
Coliseo de Comedias 82
Collasuyo 18–19
College of Education (Colegio de
Educandas) 169
Collique 14
Colombia xi, 45, 88, 101, 119,
183, 191, 209, 254–255,
262–265
Comentarios reales de los incas
(Vega) 82
Comercio, El (newspaper) 212
commer
ce 69–71, 105–106. See
also Bourbon reforms; trade
Commer
ce, Ministry of 217
Commission of Audits 47
Communist Party 195, 197–198,
202, 205–206, 216, 218, 221,
239
Communist Party of Peru for the
Shining Path of José Carlos
Mariátegui. See Shining Path
Compañía de Segur
os Nacionales
163–164
Compañía de Seguros Rímac
163–164
Concepción 149
Condorcanqui, José Gabriel. See
Tupac Amaru II
Condor pasa, El (opera) 181
Congr
ess (Peru) 231, 267
Congress, U.S. 192
Conrad, Geoffrey W. 14
conscripción vial 192, 196
Consejo de Estado 112–113
Constituent Assembly 237
Constitution Party 188
constitutions 112–113, 122,
188–189, 222, 237, 258, 264
Contisuyo 18–19
Contreras, Carlos 127
contribución personal. See tribute
Convent of the Incarnation 73
Conversaciones en la catedral
(Vargas Llosa) 220
Cook, Noble D. 52
cooperativa agraria de producción.
See CAP
cooperativa agraria de
trabajador
es. See CAT
cooperativa agraria de usuarios.
See CAU
Copalimaytas 12
Cor
dillera del Cóndor 206
Córdoba, Argentina 67
Coricancha (Temple of the Sun)
11, 21, 30f
Cornejo Chávez, Héctor 222
Corral de Comedias 82
corregidor(es) 45, 47–48, 53, 59,
66, 86, 90–91, 94–95, 181
Corte de Cádiz 98
Cor
tés, Hernán 42
cotton 162, 203–204
Council of Justice 231
Council of the Indies 43, 46–47,
49, 58–59, 62
Coya 29
Coya Raymi 29
Creoles (Criollos)
colonial administration 90
defined 59
gentleman 107f
liberal reformers 103–104
Lima residences 82
Mariátegui, José, view of 194
mer
chants 88
nationalism 90
purchase of offices 47–48,
59–60
Tupac Amaru II and 95
woman 75f
Cuba 68, 88, 227, 232–233
Cuban r
evolution 226–227
Cuenca, Ecuador 18, 52
Cueto, Marcos 127
Culumchimas 12
Cumana, Venezuela 103
curacas
Atahualpa, messages to 35
Chincha 13
as Inca administrators
25–26
Inca cooption 21
r
ebellions against Inca 20
reciprocity system 25
reducciones 53
succession to of
fice 30
Tupac Amaru II, support for
95
currency
debased coins 116
devaluation 204, 238
exchange rate 208, 218,
240–241
inca 152
libra peruana 153
monetary reform 158
Peruvian pound 153
“strong” peso 70–71, 116
“weak” peso 70–71, 116
Cusimiray Ocllo 16
Cusi Yupanqui. See Pachacútec
Cuyumalca 253
Cuzco (city) 95f, 158
Almagr
o, Diego de,
occupation 38
archdiocese 226
Arequipa dominance 169
Atahualpa, Juan Santos 93
audiencia 45
authority r
eplaced 54
Bolívar, Símon 105
College of Education 169
Gamarra, Agustín 120
gobernación 45
haciendas near 166
Huari 7, 12
Inca capital xiii, 12–13, 16,
18, 21
Inca r
eligious center 26–27
jewelry specialists 24
La Serna, José de,
headquarters 101
Manco Inca 40
Martínez Vegazo, Lucas 44
mestizo population 108
obrajes 118
Pardo, Manuel, of
ficial 123
population 117, 137, 172
Santo Domingo Church 30,
30f
Spanish capture 34
strikes 243
textile manufacturing 64,
66, 136
tribute 116–117
T
upac Amaru II 93–96
university 169
War of the Pacific 164
Cuzco (administrative
department/region) 209
gas deposits 240
haciendas 165
Inca, rebellions against 20
population 106t
as province 52
Puente Uceda, Luis de la
227
Pumacahua, Mateo, r
evolt
98
pushed to background 42
railroad 188
to Mollendo 153
to Quillambamba 189
valley 14–15
D
Dammert, José Antonio 253
Day of the Indian 182, 189, 235
Day of the Peasant 235
Daza, Hilarión 144
Dearborn, D. S. 27–28
Deber proindígena, El (Our
pr
oindigenous duty) 181
295
INDEX
Delgado de Odría, María 216,
222–223
Demarest, Arthur A. 14
Democracia Cristiana (DC) 222
“Democratic Caudillo.” See
Piér
ola, Nicolás
Democratic Front. See FREDEMO
Democratic Par
ty 151, 154, 183
Demographic Collapse: Indian
Peru, 1520–1620 (Cook) 52
Dominican or
der 73–74, 210
donkeys 59f
Dr
eyfus, Auguste 126
Duncan & Fox 162
E
earthquakes 71, 205
Echenique, José 122
economy. See also agrarian
r
eform; corporatist state
Andean south 135–138
Bustamante y Riviero, José,
distortions under 212
central highlands 138–142
civilista period 187
collapse 241
crisis of 1967 228
distribution 232
early 20th centur
y 171
Fujimori, Alberto 257–258
Great Depression 197–198
recovery from 203–208
growth 215
guano, effect of 126–128
income growth 230
inflation 217
Odría, Manuel, policies
227–228
postindependence 114–119
post War of the Pacific 152,
154–160
Ecuador
border conflict 196,
205–206, 209
border with xi
Inca Empire 12, 18, 24
sailing to 110
separation from 110
Viceroyalty of New Grenada
45
war with 119, 207, 211
Education, Ministry of 204, 217
Eguiguren, Luis Antonio 202
Elcorrabarrutia, Manuel de 59
Electoral College 122
El Inca factory 174
Elizabeth I (queen of England)
69
Ellis, Wilbur 204
El Niño xi, 237, 261
Employee Hospital 217
empresa de trabajadores agrarios
permanentes. See ETAP
Encinas, José Antonio 182, 200
encomender
o(s) 43–45, 54–60, 181
encomienda 38, 43–45, 54–60
enganchador(es) 164, 176–177,
181
Engineering Society 187
England. See Gr
eat Britain
Enlightenment 86, 94, 100
Ensayo de escuela nueva en el Perú,
Un (Encinas) 182
Er
cilla, Alonso de 82
Escobedo, Jorge de 89
Esparza Zañartu, Alejandro 217
Espíritu Pampa 40
Estanco del Salitre 143
ETAP (empresa de trabajadores
agrarios permantes) 246, 251
Eulogio Fernandini Agricultur
e
and Cattle Enterprise 166, 168
Europe
cattle breeding stock 166
colonists from 209
demand for rubber 168
Eastern 232
fascists 199, 202
feudalism 181
fishmeal 219
as food exporter 230
imperialism 193–194
imports from 165
mercury imports 115
military 200–201
Napoleonic wars 98
newspapers 177
nonintervention 103
Peru’s image in 139
pilots from 191
political struggles 195
reconstruction 215
Ricketts, William 165
source of luxury goods 168
study in 142
exports 156–157, 260t
Extremadura 34, 44
F
Falcón, César 175, 178
Faucett, Elmer “Slim” 191
Faucett Airlines 190–191
Ferdinand (king of Spain) 74
Ferdinand VII (king of Spain) 98
Fernández de Castro, Pedro
(conde de Lemos) 62
Fernández de Oviedo, Gonzalo 20
Fitzcarraldo isthmus 209
Flores, Lourdes 264
France 69, 87, 99, 142, 157,
202–203, 225
Franciscan order 73–74, 76, 93
Franco, Francisco 202
FREDEMO (Frente Democrático)
256–257
French Revolution 87, 97, 225
Frente Democrático. See
FREDEMO
Fr
ente Patriótico 205
Fuente, Antonin de la 120
Fujimori, Alberto 174, 201, 251,
253, 256–264, 258f
G
Gallinazo 2t
Gallo Porras family 161
Gamarra, Agustín 109, 120
gamonal(es) 158, 165–166,
184–185, 187, 189
Gar
cía, Uriel 181
García Calderón, Francisco
148–149, 159
García Calderón, Ventura 159
García de Castro, Lope 53
García Pérez, Alan 199, 229,
239–243, 240f, 264
Gar
cía Pumacahua, Mateo 95
Garland, Alejandro 172
Garland, Francisco Graña
212–213
Gaulle, Charles de 203
General Confederation of
Peruvian Workers 195
Geographical Society of Lima
155, 172
Germany 142, 162, 195, 209
Gibbs & Sons 165
Giesecke, Alberto 177
Gildemeister family 162, 214
González Prada, Manuel
179–181, 234
Goodyear Company 210
Grace, Michael 152–153
Grace Contract 152–154, 169,
209
Grace family 162
Graham & Rowe 162
Granada 101
Gran Colombia 120, 206
Gran Pajonal 93
Great Britain
antislavery 78
Arequipa merchants
118–119, 137
bondholders 153
contraband 87
economic investment 139
flooding Peru market 117
free trade 118
guano 124–125
industrial revolution 121,
135
land ownership 162
loan to Peru 104
mining investment 116
nitrate mine ownership 143
North American colonies
94, 97
rubber cultivation 168
A BRIEF HISTORY OF PERU
296
soccer-playing sailors 178
Spanish war with 86
textile exports 66–67
textile manufacturing
164–165
trade 69, 118
trade with Argentina 70
voting rights 112
Great Depression 197–198
Gregory IX (pope) 74
Grupo Romero 251
Guallas 12
Guamán Poma de Ayala, Felipe
40–41
Guangzhou 131
guano xi, 124–127, 124f
collapse of boom 143
expor
t figures 124
extraction 125
fertilizing benefits 121
railroad projects from sale
110–111
social and cultural results of
boom 142–143
Guardia Civil 192
Guayaquil, Ecuador 5, 52, 101,
103, 110, 120, 206
Guirior, Manuel de (marqués de
Guirior) 89
Guitarrero 2t
Gutiérrez, Tomás 123
Gutiérr
ez Cuevas, Teodomiro
182–183
Gutiérrez Linares, Germán 252
Guzmán Reynoso, Abimael 239,
258, 259f
H
haciendas
Cajamarca 250
change to cotton 204
Chinese immigrants
131–132
consolidation 162
Cuzco 166
development 54–56
in Junín 248
Mantaro Valley 140–141
mita 10
occupation by indigenous
rebels 154
in Puno 248
in 1990s 254
sugar 177
shifts 162
Urubamba V
alley 166
War of the Pacific 149,
165–166
Hague International Court 217
Haiti 80
Hambriento, El (The hungry)
(newsletter) 175
Hapsbur
g, House of 72, 86
Harris, Harold 191
Havana, Cuba 68
Hawaii 163
Haya de la Torre, Víctor Raúl
196, 199f, 221f
APRA, founding 192–193
APRA in 1920s 175
arr
est 200
asylum in Colombian
embassy 214
attack on Bustamante 214
biography 198–199
democracy 210
deportation 178
elections of 1931 198–200
elections of 1962 219–220
exile 201
followers’ conservatism 195
Hague lawsuit 217
indigenismo 178, 181–183
Life magazine article 221
Mariátegui, José, and 193
passed over for prime
minister 211–212
pr
esident of Constituent
Assembly 237
view of capitalism 193
Hearst, William Randolph 160
Hitler, Adolf 202
Hoberman, Louise 42, 83
Hocquenghem, Anne Marie 7
Hospital Arzobispo Loayza 191
Hotel Bolívar 191
huaca(s) 26–27, 74
Huaca Pariaca 27
Huacas del Sol y la Luna 7
Huachaca, Antonio 109
Huacho 27
Hualgayoc 115
Huallaga River 254
Huamachuco 104
battle of 150
Huamanga 40, 52, 57, 239
Huancané 137–138, 184
Huancani 8
Huancas 140
Huancavelica (city) 45, 60, 63,
105–106, 115, 138–139, 189
Huancavelica (r
egion) 106t, 154
Huancavilca, Ecuador 18
Huancayo 140, 149, 161, 183,
187–189, 250
Huanta 7, 93, 109, 158
Huánuco 52, 117, 139
Huaral 244
Huaraz 151, 243
Huari 2t, 7–8, 12, 16
Huaricani 2t
Huarmey 9
Huarochiri 45
huaru-huaru 8–9
Huáscar 31–32, 35, 37–38
Huascar (warship) 145
Huascarán xi
Huaura 244
Huayna Capac 18, 28–29, 31, 35,
38
Huaynapata 15
Humboldt, Alexander von 121
Humboldt curr
ent xi, 110
hummingbird effigy 6f
Hungary 232
Hunt, Shane 125
Hur
tado de Mendoza, Andrés
(marqués de Cañete) 51
I
Iberian Peninsula 42
Ica 117, 131, 184, 189
Idria 115
Iglesias, Miguel 149–151
Ilo 44
immigration 130–131, 142, 156,
209. See also Chinese; Italians;
Japanese immigrants
Imperial Valley 189
inca (currency)
152
Inca (people) 2t. See also Inca
(ruler); Inca Empir
e;
cooperation with Spanish 39
farming terraces 23f
high civilization xi
Huancas 140
labor use 22–24
militar
y 18–19
mythology 14–15
nationalism 97
resistance to conquest
38–40
revolt in 1569 52
warrior 19f
Inca (ruler) 20–23, 54
Inca Empir
e xiii, 17m
agriculture 22–23, 54
army 36
bridges 26
calendar 29
Chimú absorbed 11
economy 24–26
emer
gence 3
Huari anticipated 7
lack of sources 41
land use 22–24
Mariátegui, José, view of 194
military expansion 16–20
mit’a 10
or
ganization 20–22
origins 12–15
quipu 22, 22f
reciprocity 24–26
religion 26–30
Spanish conquest xi, 34–37
Spanish Empir
e, larger than
73
stone wall 13f
succession to office 30–31
297
INDEX
“Indian question” 154–155
Indians. See indigenous people
indigenismo 169, 173, 179–182,
223
indigenous people. See also
Central Committee for Indian
Rights; Day of the Indian;
encomienda; “Indian question”;
indigenismo; individual tribes;
mita; Patr
onato de la Raza
Indígena; prehistoric cultures;
revolts; tribute; voting rights
Amazon 169, 209
census of 1876 123
congress 184
conscript labor 192
debt from wool production
135
free labor prohibited 212
labor shortage 164
migration to Lima 230
population decline 51–52,
96–97
postindependence
population 106–107, 117
reducciones 53–54
r
eligion 74
relocation 53–54
Roman Catholic Church,
conversion to 74
rubber industry 168
Spanish literacy 203
views of 159
industrialization 174–177, 232
infrastructure 110–111, 114,
189, 205, 223
Inkarri 231
Inquisition 73–74
Institute for Agrarian Reform and
Colonization 218
Institute of Peruvian Studies 265
Instituto de Planificación 222
Interamerican Development Bank
241
International Communist
Congress
Fifth 198
Third 193
International Development
Agency 226
International Monetary Fund
(IMF) 265–266
International Petroleum
Company (IPC) 161, 176, 214,
226, 228
Interpol 264
inti (currency) 240
Inti (sun god) 22–23, 54
Inti Raymi 29, 182
Iquicha revolt 108–109, 111–112
Iquicque Bay, battle of 145
Iquitos 168, 191
Iraola, José 151–152
Isabella (queen of Spain) 74
Italians 174–175, 209
Italy 142, 162
J
Jaén 206
Japan 202, 210, 260–261,
263–264
Japanese immigrants 156, 174,
203, 257
Japanese Marioka Immigration
Company 174
Jaquijaguana 50
battle of 50
Jauja 42
Jauja River 93
Jáuregui y Aldecoa, Agustín de
89
Java 168
Jesuit order 73, 76, 93
Jews 42, 74
Johnson, Lyndon 226
Juaja 123
Jujuy, Argentina 140
Junín 104, 106t, 117, 161, 166,
248–251, 256
Junta Nacional de la V
ivienda
222
K
Kemmerer Mission 216
Kendall 162
Killke 2t
Klarén, Peter 157
Korean War 215
Kosok, Paul 6
Kotosh 2t
Kropotkin, Pyotr 175
L
labor. See also agriculture;
Chinese; encomienda; Japanese
immigrants; mercur
y mining;
mita; mit’a; silver mining;
strikes; tribute
conscripción vial abolished
196–197
conscription 192
eight-hour day 174–175
enganchadores 129, 164
free Indian prohibited 212
government drafts 158
Inca use 22–24
organization 174–177
parcelization, effect of 244
pr
otest march 127–128
shortage 129–130
Spanish exploitation 39–40
specialization 64
Labor, Ministry of 217
laborers 61f
Labor (journal) 195
La Gasca, Pedr
o de 39, 49–50
La Libertad 106t, 117, 131, 160,
162, 244–245, 248
La Magdalena 148
La Mar 184
La Mar
, José de 109, 119–120
Lambayeque 117, 131, 244–245,
248
Lambayeque Valley 5
La Merced 142
land. See also agrarian reform;
encomienda; parcelization
Amazon 209
cabildos 58
colonial system 54–60
distribution under Belaúnde
Terr
y 223, 225
foreign ownership 162
Inca use 22–24
indigenous recovery 184
Mantaro Valley 140–141
ownership concentration 177
ownership pattern 162
privatization 242–247
Landázuri Ricketts, Juan 226
La Oroya 139, 161, 176
La Palma 206
La Paz (province) 52
La Paz, Bolivia 67, 89–90
Larco, Rafael 5
Larco family 162
Lares 12
Las Casas, Bartolomé de 50
La Serna, José de 99, 101–103
Las Salinas, battle of 38
Latacunga 18
Latin America xi, 193
agrarian reform 230
colonial economy 88
dictatorships 210
economic growth rates 228
economic integration 199
imperialism 193–194
industrialization 232
intellectuals 158
land distribution 233
leftist regimes 232
militarism 200
oligarchy 185
political unity 198
postindependence 113, 119
Lauricocha 2t
Lavalle, Hernando de 218
Law of Internal Security 216–217
Lechugal 206
Leguía, Augusto Bernardino 205
Amazon laws 209
end of pr
esidency 196
first presidency 158–159
immigration encouraged
174
imports restrained 203
indigenismo 182
intellectuals 178
A BRIEF HISTORY OF PERU
298
Labor shut down 195
municipal officials 222
second presidency (“eleven
years”) 159, 184,
188–192
Leguía, Juan 192
León 52
Leticia Triangle 191
Leyes de Toro 84
Leyes Nuevas. See New Laws
Liberal Par
ty
election of 1919 188
libra peruana 153
Life (magazine) 221
Lima (administrative district/
r
egion) 52, 106t, 117, 131,
244, 252
Lima (city) xiii, 155f, 173f
Amazon link 209
archbishop (1937) 226
ar
tisan protest march
127–128
Atahualpa, Juan Santos 93
audiencia 45
Belaúnde T
erry, Fernando,
march 217–218
Billinghurst, Guillermo, as
mayor 183
blacks 73
Board of Lawyers 187
Bolsa de Valores 157
Buenos Aires, flights to 191
Bustamante, Juan 138
Callao, connection to 42
capital providers 166
Cathedral of 186f
Catholic University 265
cattle-raising associations
161
Central Highway 189
centralization of power
189
Cerr
o de Pasco, economic
ties to 139
Chiclayo, air service to 191
Chinese merchants 132–133
cholera 258
colonial budget 88
commercial link 105–106
consultation on mine labor
62
convents 77
Creoles
nationalism 90
residences 90
divorce 85
earthquake 71
economy 135–136
elite view of indigenous
people 159
fleet system 69
flight to Iquitos 191
founding xiv, 42, 72
Goodyear Company 210
government administrative
headquarters 232
growth of importance 169
guano boom 127–128
Gutiérrez coup attempt 123
Haya de la Torre, Víctor
Raúl, legal studies 198
Hospital Arzobispo Loayza
191
Hotel Bolívar 191
Huari 7
illegitimacy rates 80
independence 99, 101
industrialization 174
Inquisition 74
institutions 72–73
investors 161
labor 250
labor organization 175
Landázuri Ricketts, Juan
226
lawyers 187
main square xivf
Manco Inca 40
Mantar
o Valley, food from
140
Mariátegui, José, return 198
marriage and economics 84
mayor 202, 237
merchant guilds 67
newspapers 212
Núñez Vela, Blasco, rebellion
against 49
Odría, Manuel, building
projects 217
Pardo official 123
peasant revolts 137
Pizarro, Francisco, rule 38
Plaza de Acho 198
Plaza de Armas 71, 186f
Plaza San Martín 191
political debate 177
popular movements 120
population 169, 172, 230
pr
esidents from 113
protectionism 118
public square 128f
race 82
railr
oad 133
ransacked during strike 236
religious orders 76
research center xiii–xiv
role in colonial economy 54
sailing to 110
San Francisco, Church of
97f
Seville, connection to 42
Shining Path 239, 241–242
silver 60
slaves 77–78
Spain 96, 102
strike intervention 177
T
alara, air service to 191
textile factories 205
Toldeo y Figueroa, Francisco
de 52
tribute 117
Tupac Amaru II 94
War of the Pacific 146–149
Lima (prehistoric culture) 2t
Lima, Treaty of 191–192
Lima-Chancay railr
oad 133
Lima Cricket and Football Club
178
Lima Literary Circle 181
Limatambo 190
Lindley, Nicolás 222
Liverpool, Great Britain 136
llamas 56f, 111f, 245f
Loayza, Jerónimo de 49–50
Lobáton, Guillermo 227
Loja 52
London, England 126, 153, 158,
188
London School of Economics
212
López de Zúñiga, Diego (conde
de Nieva) 51
López Lindley
, Nicolás 201
“Lord of the Feathered Clothes
Makers” 10
Los parias (The pariahs)
(newsletter) 175
Loyola, Ignatius 76
Lucurmata 8
Luna, Juan P
. 207
Lupaqa 13
Luque, Hernando de 34
M
Macao 131
Machiguenga 166
Machu Picchu xiii, 32, 32f
Madre de Díos 174
Madr
e de Díos (department) 209
Madre de Díos River 209
Madrid 42, 78, 97–98, 205
Malatesta, Errico 175
Mama Ocllo 1–15
Manco Capac 14–15, 104
Manco Inca II 38–40, 92
Manosuyos 18
Manso de Velasco, José Antonio
93
Mantaro Valley 123, 139–141,
149, 161
Manu 209
Manuel González Prada Popular
University 193, 198
Manufacturas del Centro 218
manufacturing 64–67, 174, 232.
See also obrajes; obrajillos
Mara 15
Mar
cavalle 149
Marginal 223
Maria Delgado de Odría Center of
Social Assistance 216
299
INDEX
Mariátegui, José Carlos 175,
178–179, 181–182, 192–195,
198, 234, 239
Markham, Clements R. 103
marriage 84–85
Martin, Luis 84
Martínez Vegazo, Lucas 44
Maryknoll priests and nuns 226
Matienzo, Juan de 52–53
Matsiguenga 209
Matto de Turner, Clorinda 179,
181
Maule River 18
Maya xi
Mayer, Dora 181
Maynas 206
Meiggs, Henry 133
Mendoza, Antonio de 16, 51
Mendoza, Argentina 18
Mendoza Caamaño y Sotomayor,
José Antonio de (conde de
Superunda) 93
Mendoza Leyva, Abelardo 200
Meneses de Alva, Susana 5
Mercedarian order 73–74
Mercurio peruano (journal) 97
mer
cury mining 60, 63, 115
Meseta de Bombón 104
mestizos xv, 42, 80–81, 95,
107–108, 111, 172–173, 197
Mexican Revolution 178
Mexico. See also New Spain,
Viceroyalty of
agrarian r
eform 230
APRA founded 198
Aztec 14
Aztec Empire 42
conversion of indigenous
people 74
Mendoza, Antonio de 51
Olmec 2
sale of viceroyalty 59
Spanish republican
immigrants 202
trade 87
U.S. investment 228
Mexico City, Mexico 67
Middle Ages 181
militarism 200–201
military 123, 126, 157, 227. See
also War of the Pacific
Minchancaman 11
Mine Code 160
miners 176
mining 10, 54, 115–116, 140,
160, 204. See also mercury
mining; Potosí; silver mining
MIR. See Movement of the
Revolutionary Left
Miraflores 147, 149
mita 10, 53–54, 56–57, 61–64,
94, 181, 192
mit’a 10, 19, 24, 53
mitamaes 24–25, 54
Moche. See Mochica
Mochica 2t, 2–7, 4f
“Mocho, El.” See Sánchez Cerr
o,
Luis M.
Moho 137–138
Molina, Cristóbal de 52–53
Mollendo 153, 164
monopoly 114–115, 143,
157–158, 160
Monroe Doctrine 103
Montagne, Ernesto 216
Montero, Lizardo 149–151
Montesinos, Vladimiro 262–264,
263f
Montesquieu, Charles 100
Moquegua 106t, 117
battle of 102
Morales Bermúdez, Francisco
201, 237, 255
Morales Bermúdez, Remigio 154
Morales Duár
ez, Vicente 98
Morgan, J. P. 160
Morochucos 109
Moseley, Michael E. 8
Movement of the Revolutionary
Left (MIR) 227
Movimiento Revolucionario
Tupac Amaru. See MRTA
Moyano, Elena 242
Moyobamba 52
MR
TA 227, 238, 251, 255,
260–261, 261f
Mujica y Cavassa family 161
Muslims 42, 74
Mussolini, Benito 202
N
Nadal Garmendia 136
National Agrarian Confederation
231, 234, 253
National Agrarian Organization
246–247
National Agrarian Society 212,
234
National Agrarian University 257
National Assembly 213, 222
National Association of Parcel
Holders. See ANAPA
National Coalition 217
National Democratic Fr
ont 211
National Electoral Jury 217–218
National Front of Democratic
Youth 217–218
National Industrial Society 187
National Intelligence Service 262
National Mining Society 187
National School for Agriculture
160
National Stadium 178
National System of Social
Mobilization. See Sistema
Nacional de Movilización
Social
Navarr
o y Rocafull, Melchor
(duque de la Palata) 71
Nazca 2t, 4, 6
hummingbir
d 6f
Nazca lines 6
Negr
eros, Luis 207
Netherlands 69–70, 86
New Grenada 105
Viceroyalty of 45
New Laws 47–50
New Party 184
New Spain, Viceroyalty of 45, 89
New World xi
New York, United States
160–161, 191
Nineteen Hundred Generation
169–170
nitrates 143
Nobel Prize 159
Noriega, Zenón 214
North America 1–2, 94, 97
North American Rubber Reserve
Company 210
Northern Peru Mining 160
Novísima Recopilación 84
Nuevo indio, El (The new Indian)
(Gar
cía) 181
Núñez de Balboa, Vasco 34, 44
Núñez Vela, Blasco 49–51
O
obrajes 57, 61, 64–67, 118
obrajillos 66–67
Odría, Manuel A. 201, 213–221,
227
Ojeda, Alonso de 34
“old Christians” 42
Old Ordinances (mining) 160
oligar
chy 185, 201–203
Olmec 2
Olmos Valley 189 18
O’Phelan, Scarlett 97
Oprimido, El (The oppressed)
(newsletter) 175
Orbegoso, Luis José 109, 120
Or
der of Alcántara 51
orejones 57
Oriole W
right (airplane) 191
Oropesa, Spain 51
Oruro, Bolivia 63
Oxapampa 209
P
Pacariqtambo 15
Pachacamac 2t, 27, 44
Pachacútec (Pachacuti) xv–xvi,
11, 16, 18, 20–21, 32, 223
Pachamachay 2t
Pacific Ocean xi, 34
Paijan 2t
Paita 52
Palma, Ricar
do 74
A BRIEF HISTORY OF PERU
300
Palma de Mallorca 16
Palpa Valley 6, 6f
Pampamar
ca 93
panacas 20–21, 28, 31
Panagara airline 190
Panama 35, 44–45, 69, 84, 263
Panama Canal 187, 198
Panama City
, Panama 34
Panamerican Airways 191
Pan-American Highway 189
Paqchiri 8
Paracas 2t, 2–3
parcelero(s). See parcelization
parcelization 239, 242–250
Par
cona 184
Pardo, Manuel 122–124, 129,
133, 143, 188
Pardo y Barreda, José 186, 218
Pariñas 161
Paris, France 158, 191
Partido Civil 178
Cáceres, Andrés 151
coup of 1915 159
disappearance 159
electoral network 183
guano revenue 158
Leguía, Augusto Bernardino,
imposed as president
158–159
Piérola, Nicolás, support for
154
pierolistas 122–123, 158
political agenda 185–186
rail building achievements
123
W
ar of the Pacific 148
Partido Nacionalista Libertador
(Nationalist Liberation Party)
193, 198
Paruro 15
Pasco 115, 117
Pasto, Colombia 18
Patria Nueva (New Country) 189
patronato 75–76
Patr
onato de la Raza Indígena
184, 189
Paul III (pope) 76
Paullu Inca 39
Payán, José 165
Paz Estenssoro, Víctor 230
peasant revolts 111–112, 182–183
peasants 173, 180f
Penitenciaría 196
Per
ene Colony 169, 209
Peréz Godoy, Ricardo 201,
221–222
permanent agrarian workers
enterprise. See ETAP
Perón, Evita 216
Perón, Juan Domingo 216
Peru xiim, 106t
income 207t
Peru, Viceroyalty of 42, 45, 52,
72, 111
Perú Posible Par
ty 264
Peruvian Amazon Company 168
Peruvian-Bolivian Confederation
119–120
Peruvian Corporation 153–154,
160, 169, 187–188, 209
Peruvian Corporation of the
Amazon 210–211
Peruvian Husbandry Association
187
Peruvian Peasant Confederation
234, 253, 255
Peruvian pound 153
Peruvian Socialist Party. See PSP
Peruvian W
orkers’ Confederation
207
Pétain, Philippe 203
petroleum 161, 176, 214
Pezuela, Joaquín de la 98–99
Philip II (king of Spain) 47–48,
48f, 52, 84
Philip V (king of Spain) 86
Philippines 89
Pica 44
Pichincha, battle of 103
Piér
ola, Nicolás de 117,
122–123, 146–149, 154,
157–158, 183, 188
pierolistas. See Democratic Party;
Piér
ola, Nicolás de
Pike, Frederick 213, 216
Pimentel-Chiclayo railroad 133
Pinahua Capac 12
Pinochet, Augusto 262
Pisco 99, 162
Pisco-Ica railroad 133
Piura 9, 49, 64, 104, 106t, 117,
131, 200, 231, 244–245
Pizarr
o, Francisco 35f, 104
adventur
es 74
assassination 45
concubine 16
conquest of Peru 34–38
encomienda 43–44
followers 56
Lima, founding xiv
, 42, 72
Lima, rule from 38
Mantaro Valley 140
Mariátegui, José, view of
194
ransom accounting 22
slaves 77
Trujillo, return to 44
Xauxa as capital 42
Pizarro, Gonzalo 38–39, 44, 50
Pizarro, Hernando 38–39, 44
Pizarro, Juan 38, 44
Plan Inca 231
plantations 161–162, 176
Plaza San Martín 191, 217
Plumada de rebeldía (Strokes of
rebellion) (newsletter) 175
Pontifical Catholic University in
Lima 178
Popular and Por
venir Insurance
Companies 218
Popular Christian Party 237
Popular Front Party (Chile) 230
population 106t, 106–107, 169,
171–173, 215, 229. See also
census; indigenous people
Poques 12
Porras, José 178
Porras, Juan de 36
Por
tales, Diego 122
Portete de Tarqui, battle of 120
Portobello, Panama 68
Portugal xi, 70, 74
Porvenir 164
Potosí, Bolivia 51, 54, 138
clothing consumption 66
commercial link 105–106
consumption of wealth from
70
Creole nationalism 90
discovery of mines 50
Mint 60, 63
mita 53, 94
par
t of Viceroyalty de Río de
la Plata 90
postindependence shift 115
as province 52
silver mining 60–62, 65
tribute 57
Pozuzo 142, 209
Prada, Manuel González 147
Prado, Mariano Ignacio 129, 138,
146, 205
Prado Ugarteche, Manuel 114,
202–203, 205–208, 208f, 211,
217–220
Prado Ugar
teche family 161
pre-Columbian cultures 2, 121
prehistoric cultures 2t
Pr
ensa, El (newspaper) 212
Prensa, La (newspaper) 218–219
Pr
esidente Gonzalo. See Guzmán
Reynoso, Abimael
Pr
evost 162
priests 75f, 142
privatization 242–250, 255, 260
Pr
ogreso 174
Pro-Indian Society 138
Protesta, La (The Protest)
(newsletter) 175
Protocol of Rio de Janeir
o 206
Provincia del Oro, Ecuador 206
PSP (Peruvian Socialist Party)
175, 181, 193
Public Health, Labor, and Social
Well-Being, Ministry of 204
Public Health Cooperative Service
217
Public Works, Ministry of 186
Pucallpa 210
Pucará 149
Puente Uceda, Luis de la 221,
227
301
INDEX
Puerta, Antonio de la 146
Puerto Maldonado 209
Puerto Rico 68
Puerto Viejo 52
Pukara 2t
Pumacachua, Mateo 98
Puno 104
Ar
equipa dominance 169
cattle raising 166
land invasions 256
mines 63
parcelization 248–250
peasant revolts 137–138
peasant unrest 184
population 106, 106t, 117
protests 266
railroads 165
railroad to Cuzco 153
Sánchez Cerro headquarters
196
school 182
strikes 243
students 177
tribute 116–117, 152
Urubamba Valley, goods from
166
War of the Pacific 164
wool prices 136
wool production 66
Putumayo 168
Pyramid of the Moon 7
Pyramid of the Sun 7
Q
Quechua (ethnic group) 13
Quechua (language) xv, 12,
147, 149, 172, 182, 230–231,
240
Quesada, José 205
Quillambamba 189
quipu 22, 22f
Quiroz, Alfonso 127
Quispicanchis 95
Quito, Ecuador 18, 29, 37, 45,
52, 64, 66, 68, 206
R
race xi, xv, 72, 80–84, 83f, 85,
147–148, 159, 172–173. See
also Afro-Peruvians; mestizos;
slavery; slaves
railroads 110–111, 123, 133,
134m, 139, 153, 161, 165,
187–190
Raura Ocllo 33
Ravines, Eudocio 193, 195, 207,
213
rebellions. See revolts
Rechar
te, Andrés 137–138
Recuay 2t
reducciones 53–54
Regional Agrarian Federation of
Piura and T
umbes 252
Register for Real Estate 157
Reiche, Maria 6
religion 26–30, 74. See also
Roman Catholic Chur
ch;
Summer Linguistic Institute
“Restorative Revolution” 214
revolts
Amazon separatists 168
APRA, Callao 214
Atahualpa, Juan Santos
92–93
Atusparis, Pedro Pablo
151–152
Ayacucho 158
early 20th century 182–183
hacienda occupation 154
Inca, 1569 52
Iquicha 108–109
Manco Inca 39–40
mini coups of 1931 197–198
pierolistas 123
Pumacahua, Mateo 98
Puno 137–138
tax 90
Revolutionar
y Government of the
Armed Forces 231
Reyna, Ernesto 181
Ricketts, William 165
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 206
Río de la Plata (region) 52,
66–67, 92, 102
Río de la Plata, Viceroyalty of 45,
89–90, 135
Ríos profundos, Los (Arguendas)
220
Riva Agüer
o, José de la 102–103
Rivero y Ustarriz, Mariano
Eduardo 141
Roca 16
Rodríguez Pastor, Humberto 131
Romaña, Eduardo López de 158
Roman Catholic Church. See also
Augustinian order; Dominican
or
der; Franciscan order; Jesuit
order; Mercedarian order
Atahualpa conversion to 37
blessing on conquest 43
in colonial Peru 73–77
divorce 204
land 58
liberation theology 226
Lima 72
Matto de Turner, Clorinda
179, 181
Piérola, Nicolás 157
postindependence status
105
salaries for priests 142
Rome, Italy 202
rondas campesinas 251–252, 262
Rostworowski, María 12
Rothchilds 115
Rowe, John H. 94
rubber 168–169, 210–211
Rumi Maki. See Gutiérr
ez Cuevas,
Teodomiro
Russia 198
Russian Revolution 175, 178
S
Sabogal, José 181
Saint Bartholomew 41
SAIS (sociedad agrícola de interés
social) 242–244, 247–251
Salamanca, University of 49
Salaverr
y, Felipe de 120
Salaverry Avenue 217
Salcamaygua, Yamqui 40
Salcedo, Captain 36
Salinar 2t
Salinas y Córdoba, Buenavetura
de 73
Salomón Lozano, T
reaty of 191
Salta, Argentina 140
salt monopoly 157–158
Salvation Army (U.S.) 226
Samán 137–138
Samarez Ocampo, David 200
Sánchez, Juan 158
Sánchez, Luis Alberto 178, 200
Sánchez Cerro, Luis M. 196–200,
203, 211
San Francisco, Church of 97f
San Francisco, University of
(United States) 262
San Francisco de Borja 93
Sangarara, battle of 95
San Juan 147
San Mar
cos, University of 76, 94,
188, 198, 202, 212, 220, 231
San Martín, José de 80, 92,
99–102, 117, 128
San Pablo University 76
San Ramón 141–142
Santa Beatriz race track 196
Santa Catalina 218
Santa Catalina, Cathedral of 176f
Santa Cruz, Andrés de 108–109,
119–120
Santa Cruz Pachacuti, Juan de
28, 40
Santa Fe de Bogotá, Colombia 45
Santiago de Chile, Chile 45
Santo Domingo 68
Santo Domingo Chur
ch 30f
Sarmiento de Gamboa, Pedro
18–19
Satipo 209
Sauariray 12
School of Agriculture 177
School of Engineering 177
Sechura 214
Seville, Spain 42, 67–68, 70, 88,
105–106
Shell Oil Company 240
A BRIEF HISTORY OF PERU
302
Shi 7
Shining Path 262. See also
Guzmán Reynoso, Abimael
coca 254–255
emer
gence 236–238, 244,
251
growth and influence
239–242
highlands 247
Junín 252–256
long-term fight against 201
rondas 253, 262
SAISs 249
Si (god) 7
Sicuani 165
silver 60t, 138t
silver mining xi–xii, 60–65, 61f,
116, 138–139
Sipán, Lor
d of 5
Sistema Nacional de Apoyo a la
Movilización Social
(SINAMOS) 231
slavery 1–5, 77–80, 101,
121–122, 128
slaves 58, 77–80, 79f, 95
slave trade 58
soccer 178
Social Dar
winism 154–155
social interest agrarian
association. See SAIS
Socialist Par
ty 197, 213
sociedad agrícola de interés social.
See SAIS
Sociedad Independencia Electoral
122
Socolow
, Susan N. 42, 83
Soto, Hernando de 44
South America 1, 9, 64, 92, 96,
98, 100
southern highlands 164–168
Southern Peru Copper
Corporation 231–232
Soviet Union 227, 232
Spain 201. See also Spanish
Cr
own
border dispute mediation
206
capital from 260
civil war 202
culture inherited 170
immigrants from 142
Italy, wars in 34
liberal constitution 99
Mariátegui, José, view of
194
war with 119, 126, 130
Spanish (language) xv, 169, 172,
203
Spanish Armada 70
Spanish Crown
American possibilities 42
authority established 34
Bourbon ascendancy 72
Bourbon reforms 90
colonial administration
41–43, 45–47, 206
colonizers xi
conquest of Peru 34–37
control gained 57
effect of liberalism 98
encomiendas 43–45
exploitation of indigenous
population 51
fr
ee trade 66–67
Guamán Poma de Ayala
letter 41
holiday 73
indigenous people 96–97
Jesuits, expulsion of 76
land 54–55
New Laws 47
racial separation 80
sale of fleet system
participation 70
sale of offices 58
slavery 78
tax income 63
textile manufacturing 66
trade 87
trade monopoly 67–68
Tribunal del Consulado
98–99
war expenditures 88
Standard Oil of New Jersey 161
Stanford University 262
strikes
Arequipa 216, 265
bakers 174
Cuzco 243
first workers 159
general 159
Huaraz 243
Lima 236
miners 197
Puno 243
sugarcane workers 177, 197
Talara oil workers 197
textile workers 197
Ucayali 243
Sucre, Antonio José de 102–105,
119–120
sugarcane 141–142, 177, 183f,
204
Summer Linguistic Institute
210
Sun God. See Inti
Superintendency of Social Welfare
205
Supr
eme Court 231
Supreme Inca. See Inca (ruler)
Surinama 93–94
Sutton, Charles 189
Swiss bank account 263
T
Tacna 117, 133, 146, 149, 188,
191–192
Tagle, José Bernardo de (marqués
de Torre Tagle) 103
Tahuantinsuyo (Tawantinsuyu)
xvi, 18, 97
Talara 176, 191, 203, 231
Tambo 108
Tambopata 174
Tambopata River 209
Tampu 15
Taqui Onkoy 74–75
Taraco 137–138
Tarapacá 44, 117, 122, 143, 146,
149, 164, 183
Tarma 45, 139, 169, 209, 215
Tarma, Intendancy of 93
Tawantinsuyu. See Tahuantinsuyo
taxes 56. See also Bourbon
r
eforms; tribute
colonial import 87
colonial internal customs 89
direct 205
export tax 70, 189
export tax freeze 160
import 117–118
income tax 189
internal customs abolished
116
postindependence 114
post–War of the Pacific
156–157
quinto real 63
r
eligious tithe 75
revolt 94
salt 117
trade 67
Tayacaja 139, 141, 154
Tello, Julio C. 178
Tempestad en los Andes (Tempest
in the Andes) (V
alcárcel) 181
Temple of the Sun (Coricancha)
11, 21, 29, 30f
Texas, University of 217
textiles 136, 174. See also
obrajes;
obrajillos
Thirty Years War 70
T
ibesar, Antonine 75
Tihuanaco. See Tiwanaku
T
inta 94–95
Titicaca, Lake xiii, 3, 8, 12, 14,
151, 153
Titu Condemayta, Tomasa 95
Tiwanaku 2, 7–9, 26
Tocache 255
Tocay Capac 12
Tokyo, Japan 202
Toledo, Alejandro xv–xvi, xvf,
223, 262, 264–266
T
oledo, archbishop of 49
Toledo y Figueroa, Francisco de
50–54, 57, 76
Torata, battle of 102
Tordesillas, Treaty of 43
trade 67–71, 87–88, 118–120,
171
303
INDEX