Kallen A. Understanding Biostatistics
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374 INDEX
nonparametric analysis, 215–224, 226–229
in survival analysis, 319–324
of covariance, 237
normal distribution, see Gaussian distribution
nuisance parameters, 100
numbers needed to treat, 128
Nuremberg code, 40
odds ratio, 38, 127
and Wilcoxon probability, 219
generalized, 180, 219, 229
Mantel–Haenszel pooled, 136
Peto’s pooled, 137
offset variable, 257
one-sided tests, 100, 122
open study, 66
outcome measure, 5
outliers, 78
overdispersion, 304, 355–356
p-value
definition, 6
exploratory, 20
ways to compute, 224–226
parallel group study, 40
parameter estimation, 120
patient expectation, 69
peer review, 5
per protocol (PP) analysis, 76
percentile, 201, 347–348
for bivariate distribution, 183
population, 158
sample, 153
period effect, 229
permutation test, see randomization test
placebo, 68
placebo effect, 68–69
Poisson distribution, 264, 267, 355
definition of, 52
heterogeneous, 304
Poisson process, 52
power, 138–142
calculations, 142
definition, 99
for a risk difference, 142
function, 139
predictable process, 117, 307
predictive probability, 106
predictive value of test, 91
prevalence of a disease, 51
prevalence study, see cross-sectional study
probability, 13–17, 24–27
a priori,26
fiducial, 126, 198
inverse, 113
Kolmogorov’s axioms, 25
subjective, 25
probit model, 257
bivariate, 257
heterogeneity, 261
product-limit estimator, 310
profile likelihood, 333, 353
profiling, 199–202, 214, 260, 333
proportional hazards model, 300, 331–335,
350–351
proportional odds model, 211, 222, 227–229
prosecutor’s fallacy, 94
publication bias, meta-analysis, 79
quartiles, 153
random parameters, 362
random sample, 59
randomization, 39, 61
in blocks, 63
randomization test, 225
rank of an observation, 151, 212
recurrent events, 304–306, 355–359
reference range, 87
refutationism, 2
regression to the mean, 69, 189–192
regression to the mode, 205
relative risk, 127, 131
pooled, 137
representative sampling, 64
rescue medication, 67, 73
responder, 32
response function, 260, 270
restricted maximum likelihood (REML), 353
risk factor, definition, 32
robust variance, 345, 356
ROC curve, 89
rule of succession, 106, 107
sample size calculation, 139, 140, 327
sampling with replacement, 164
sandwich variance, see robust variance
scientific method, 5
score equation, 351
screening test, 90–91
semi-parametric model, see proportional
hazards model
INDEX 375
sensitivity, 88, 91
sequential design, 23
shift model, 210
signal detection, 86
significance level, 9
Simpson’s paradox, 44–47
single-blind study, 66
smallest extreme value distribution, 294, 334
Snow, John, 33
specificity, 88, 91
stage migration, 48–50
standard error, 184
standard of judgement, 87
standardization, 46
of proportion, 138
standardized mortality ratio, 138, 328
statistical hypothesis testing, 86
statistical significance, 10
statistical test, 99–100
Stein’s paradox, 168, 192
Stieltjes integral, 105
stochastic integrals, 315
stochastic variable, 42
stratification, 45, 132
study effect, see placebo effect
t distribution, 173
t-test
Bayesian interpretation, 213
one-sample, 160
relation to Wilcoxon test, 217
two-sample, 213
tonsillectomy, 95
tower formula for the mean, 186
Turnbull intervals, 341
Type I error, 87
Type II error, 87
unbiased estimate, 346
variance matrix, 180
Weibull distribution, 294, 326, 329
Wiener process, 117, 173–175, 316
Wilcoxon probability, 219–221
Wilcoxon test, 216–224, 226–229, 319–323
Wishart distribution, 206
within-subject variance, 184
WLS, see least squares, weighted
zero-inflated Poisson model, 305
STATISTICS IN PRACTICE
Human and Biological Sciences
Berger – Selection Bias and Covariate Imbalances in Randomized Clinical Trials
Berger and Wong – An Introduction to Optimal Designs for Social and Biomedical Research
Brown and Prescott – Applied Mixed Models in Medicine, Second Edition
Carstensen – Comparing Clinical Measurement Methods
Chevret (Ed) – Statistical Methods for Dose-Finding Experiments
Ellenberg, Fleming and DeMets – Data Monitoring Committees in Clinical Trials: A
Practical Perspective
Hauschke, Steinijans & Pigeot – Bioequivalence Studies in Drug Development: Methods
and Applications
Källén – Understanding Biostatistics
Lawson, Browne and Vidal Rodeiro – Disease Mapping with WinBUGS and MLwiN
Lesaffre, Feine, Leroux & Declerck – Statistical and Methodological Aspects of Oral Health
Research
Lui – Statistical Estimation of Epidemiological Risk
Marubini and Valsecchi – Analysing Survival Data from Clinical Trials and Observation
Studies
Molenberghs and Kenward – Missing Data in Clinical Studies
O’Hagan, Buck, Daneshkhah, Eiser, Garthwaite, Jenkinson, Oakley & Rakow – Uncertain
Judgements: Eliciting Expert’s Probabilities
Parmigiani – Modeling in Medical Decision Making: A Bayesian Approach
Pintilie – Competing Risks: A Practical Perspective
Senn – Cross-over Trials in Clinical Research, Second Edition
Senn – Statistical Issues in Drug Development, Second Edition
Spiegelhalter, Abrams and Myles – Bayesian Approaches to Clinical Trials and Health-Care
Evaluation
Walters – Quality of Life Outcomes in Clinical Trials and Health-Care Evaluation
Whitehead – Design and Analysis of Sequential Clinical Trials, Revised Second Edition
Whitehead – Meta-Analysis of Controlled Clinical Trials
Willan and Briggs – Statistical Analysis of Cost Effectiveness Data
Winkel and Zhang – Statistical Development of Quality in Medicine
Earth and Environmental Sciences
Buck, Cavanagh and Litton – Bayesian Approach to Interpreting Archaeological Data
Chandler and Scott – Statistical Methods for Trend Detection and Analysis in the
Environmental Sciences
Glasbey and Horgan – Image Analysis in the Biological Sciences
Haas – Improving Natural Resource Management: Ecological and Political Models
Helsel – Nondetects and Data Analysis: Statistics for Censored Environmental Data
Illian, Penttinen, Stoyan, H and Stoyan D–Statistical Analysis and Modelling of Spatial
Point Patterns
McBride – Using Statistical Methods for Water Quality Management
Webster and Oliver – Geostatistics for Environmental Scientists, Second Edition
Wymer (Ed) – Statistical Framework for Recreational Water Quality Criteria and Monitoring
Understanding Biostatistics, First Edition. Anders K¨all´en.
© 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ISBN: 978-0-470-66636-4
Industry, Commerce and Finance
Aitken – Statistics and the Evaluation of Evidence for Forensic Scientists, Second Edition
Balding – Weight-of-evidence for Forensic DNA Profiles
Brandimarte – Numerical Methods in Finance and Economics: A MATLAB-Based
Introduction, Second Edition
Brandimarte and Zotteri – Introduction to Distribution Logistics
Chan – Simulation Techniques in Financial Risk Management
Coleman, Greenfield, Stewardson and Montgomery (Eds) – Statistical Practice in Business
and Industry
Frisen (Ed) – Financial Surveillance
Fung and Hu – Statistical DNA Forensics
Gusti Ngurah Agung – Time Series Data Analysis Using EViews
Kenett (Eds) – Operational Risk Management: A Practical Approach to Intelligent Data
Analysis
Jank and Shmueli (Ed.) – Statistical Methods in e-Commerce Research
Lehtonen and Pahkinen – Practical Methods for Design and Analysis of Complex Surveys,
Second Edition
Ohser and Mücklich – Statistical Analysis of Microstructures in Materials Science
Pourret, Naim & Marcot (Eds) – Bayesian Networks: A Practical Guide to Applications
Taroni, Aitken, Garbolino and Biedermann – Bayesian Networks and Probabilistic Inference
in Forensic Science
Taroni, Bozza, Biedermann, Garbolino and Aitken – Data Analysis in Forensic Science