Mona Baker & Gabriela Saldanha. Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies (2nd edition)

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thecentrifugalform,suggestingglobalizationasresultingininterdependence,

interpenetration,hybridity,syncretism,creolizationandcrossover.Thus,wecan

seetranslationasthesinequanonoftheculturaldominanceandanagentof

centripetalglobalizationifweconsiderthatwithouttheservicesofdubbersand

subtitlersHollywooddominanceofglobalcinemamarketswouldbe

inconceivable(seeAUDIOVISUALTRANSLATION).Conversely,

translationcanbeseenasthequintessentialexpressionofcentrifugal

globalizationifwereflectthatitistranslationwhichaloneallowsspeakersofa

languageunderthreattoretainfullautonomy,whetherthismeansusingsoftware

intheirownlanguageonthecomputerortakinganactivepartinpubliclifeina

languageoftheirownchoosing.

Oneofthemostobviousconsequencesofglobalizationformanysocietieshas

beenthephenomenonofinwardandoutwardmigration(seeMOBILITY).In

2002,theUnitedNationsPopulationDivisionreportedthatover175million

peoplewereresidinginacountryotherthantheoneinwhichtheyhadbeen

born,andintheperiodbetween1975and2002thetotalnumberofmigrantsin

theworldhadmorethandoubled.Anageingpopulationinthedeveloped

world,theinsatiablelabourneedsofthetertiarysectorandthecontinued

presenceofwarfareandpersecutionprovideapowerfulimpetusformigratory

movements.Migrantscanbethosewhotravelelsewheretofindopportunities

equaltotheirskillsandqualificationsortheycanbepostindustrialmigrants

whoareavailabletoworkanywhereatlowratesofpay.Thepresenceofand

increasingawarenessofmigrationresultsin,amongotherthings,aperceived

needtodealwithlanguageissues.Migrantsnotonlytranslatethemselvesinthe

literal,physicalsenseofuprootingthemselvesfromoneplaceandmovingto

anotherbuttheyalsofindthemselveshavingtotranslatethemselvesintoanother

languageandculture.Itisnosurprise,therefore,thatthemostvisibleoutcome

oftheimpactofmigrationontranslationstudieshasbeentheburgeoningof

interestinCOMMUNITYINTERPRETING(Brunetteetal.2003).

Theveryglobalnatureofmigration,withpeoplestravellinggreatdistancesto

findwork,meansthatalongsideproximatewehaveextendedmigration.Thatis

tosay,thelanguagesspokenbymigrantswillnolongergenerallybethe

languageofaneighbouringnationstateorofaneconomicallydisadvantaged

regionwithinthenationstate,butwilloftenbefromverydistantanddistinct

languagegroups.Thus,translationasanissueisespeciallyvisibleinaworldof

increasinglyextendedmigratorynetworks,wheretheoperationsofaglobal

economyinrealtimebringcitizensinavarietyofcountriesintoimmediateand

dailyjuxtapositionwithlanguageandculturaldifference.Questionsofpower

andidentityareverymuchtotheforeintherealmofmigrationandtranslation.

Gainingaccesstointerpretingservicesisatonelevelanacknowledgementthat

alanguagecommunitymustenjoythesamerightsasothercitizensintermsof

theirdealingswithvariouspublicbodies;atthesametime,accesstointerpreting

alsoimpliestherighttoalanguageidentity,toretainandfosterone’sown

languageandculture.Indeed,anotablefeatureoftheresponseofnationstates

suchastheUnitedStates,Britain,DenmarkandtheNetherlandsintheeraof

globalizationhasbeentofocusonlanguageandtranslationquestionsindebates

aroundcitizenshipandentitlement.

Fundamentally,migrationpoliciesdivideintopoliciesoftranslationalassimilation

andtranslationalaccommodation(Cronin2006).Underaregimeoftranslational

assimilation,thestatedobjectiveofthestateisthatmigrantswillonlyqualifyfor

citizenshipiftheycandemonstratesatisfactoryproficiencyinthelanguageofthe

state,andpolicieswillbegenerallyaimedatencouragingmigrantstoassimilate

asrapidlyaspossibletothedominantorofficiallanguageofthecountry,to

translatethemselvesinotherwordsintothelanguageoftheirhosts.Ontheother

hand,aregimeoftranslationalaccommodationisonewhichacknowledgesthe

importanceoflinguisticandculturaldiversityinasocietyandthecontributionof

languageandculturetothepsychologicalandsocialwellbeingofmigrantsand

thereforesupportstranslationpracticesasawayofprotectingdiversitywhile

ensuringcommunication.Needlesstosay,neitherregimetendstoexistin

isolation,thoughdependingonthevagariesofdomesticpolitics,onemodelwill

comeintotheascendant.

Underlyingtheoppositionbetweenthetworegimesoftranslationisanother

issuewhichisverymuchtotheforeindebatesaroundglobali