Mona Baker & Gabriela Saldanha. Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies (2nd edition)

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inpatientdetail,the‘doublebind’oftranslationasbothimpossibleand

necessary.Perhapsnoothercontemporarythinkerhaslavishedsuchattention

ontheeminentlyhermeneuticalproblemsandparadoxesoflanguage,meaning

andtranslation.

Seealso:

BIBLE,JEWISHANDCHRISTIAN;CULTURALTRANSLATION;

CULTURE;DECONSTRUCTION;ETHICS;INTERPRETIVE

APPROACH;TRANSLATABILITY

Furtherreading

Heidegger1942/1996;Gadamer1960/1989;Heidegger1975;Steiner

1975/1992;Schleiermacher1977a;Derrida1985;Ricoeur2004/2006.

THEOHERMANS

History

Interestinthehistoryoftranslationhasbeengrowingsteadilysincetheearly

1990s.Woodsworth(1998)providesacomprehensiveoverviewof

developmentsupuntil1995;thisentryfocusesondevelopmentsfrom1995

onwards.

Likemostfieldswithinthehumanitiesandsocialsciences,historyhastakena

‘culturalturn’undertheinfluenceofpostmodernism.Therehasbeenashiftfrom

a(presumably)factualandobjective,Eurocentric,topdownhistory,concerned

withgreatmen,greatideasanddiscretepoliticaleventsandnations,toahistory

thatisseenasnarrativeinnature,subjective,bottomup,concernedwitheither

localorworldwidesystems,withordinarypeople,popularculture,andthe

developmentofsocialinstitutionsacrosspoliticalbordersandoverlonger

periodsoftime.Asaresult,the‘greatmenofhistory’approach(Cary1963)

hasgivenwaytostudiesofindividualtranslatorsconsideredintheirlarger

social,politicalorculturalcontext(Wilhelm2004b).Theindividualtranslatoris

nowseenasrepresentativeofalargersocialgroup,forexamplemiddleclass

SpanishparticipantsintheconquestandgovernanceofSouthAmerica(Fossa

2005).Therehasbeenaconcomitanttendencytotakeintoaccountissuessuch

asGENDERANDSEXUALITY(Krontiris1992),POSTCOLONIAL

contexts(Tymoczko1999a)andtheinterplaybetweenhistoryandCULTURE

(Frank1992).Tworelatedrecentdevelopmentsincludeexaminingparatexts

(prologue,epilogue,notes,etc.)asdataforhistoricalresearch(Lavigne2004;

StAndré2004)andlookingattheroleoftranslationinthewritingandshaping

ofhistory(Payàs2004;BastinandEcheverri2004).

Aimsandmethods

Despitethegrowingvolumeofliteratureontranslationhistorysincetheearly

1990s,therehavebeenfewattemptsatreflectingonhowandwhythehistory

oftranslationshouldberesearchedanddocumented.Scatteredindividual

articleshaveappeared,moreoftenaskingquestionssuchas‘whatisthehistory

oftranslation?’thanansweringthem,orsimplycallingformorestudies(Berman

1984;D’hulst1991;Lambert1993;Pym1992b;Bastin2004).Theonesalient

exceptionisPym’sMethodinTranslationHistory(1998).Pymarguesthata

historyoftranslationshouldfocusontranslatorsratherthantexts,addressthe

socialcontextandberelevanttothepresent.Hegivesconcreteanddetailed

adviceonhowtolocate,compileandinterpretthematerialnecessarytoachieve

thoseaims.Forexample,PymsuggeststheuseofCORPORAasa

methodologicaltooltosystematizedataforhistoricalanalysis,althoughthis

suggestionpullshimawayfromthetranslatorandtowardsbibliographic

researchoftranslations.Hisdiscussionoftheneedforreliabledataharksback

toBragt’s(1989)callforsuchworkandputsthespotlightonresourcessuchas

UNESCO’sIndextranslationum,adatabaseoftitlesintranslationwhichwas

beguninthe1930s.Originallycoveringjustfivelanguagesinsixcountries,and

withahiatusinpublicationduetoWorldWarII,theIndextranslationum

expandedrapidlyinthe1950sandanonlineversionhasbeenavailablesince

2000.Thereare,however,someinaccuraciesintheinformationprovided,and

thealmosttotallackofrecordsdealingwithtranslationsintocertainlanguages

(mostnotablyChinese)meansthatsuchresourcesmustbeusedwithcaution,

bearingin