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695 / Notes to pages 170–2
121. K. Sinclair, The Origins of the Maori Wars (Wellington, 1957),
pp. 75ff.
122. Sinclair, Origins, pp. 239–42. For the eagerness in the Colonial
Office to avoid becoming New Zealand’s ‘tributary’, see E. Cardwell
to Governor Sir G. Grey, 26 September 1864, in F. Madden (ed.),
Select Documents,vol.IV,Settler Self-Government 1840–1900
(Westport, 1990), pp. 510–11.
123. J. Belich, The New Zealand Wars (Penguin edn, 1988), p. 309.
124. Ibid., p. 310.
125. J. McAloon, ‘The Colonial Wealthy in Canterbury and Otago:
No Idle Rich’, New Zealand Journal of History, 30, 1 (1996), 58–60.
126. A large wooden panel showing the dense network of coastal
routes established by the USC can be seen in the Museum of
Transport in Dunedin.
127. M. D. N. Campbell, ‘The Evolution of Hawke’s Bay Landed
Society 1850–1914’ (PhD thesis, Victoria University Wellington,
1972), pp. 57ff., 373; R. Arnold, New Zealand’s Burning: The Settler
World of the 1880s (Wellington, 1994), p. 30.
128. See G. H. Scholefield (ed.), The Richmond-Atkinson Papers
(Auckland, 1960).
129. Arnold, New Zealand’s Burning, pp. 117ff.
130. For example, the Manawatu round Palmerson North (see D. A.
Hamer, ‘Wellington on the Urban Frontier’, in D. A. Hamer and R.
Nicholls (eds.), The Making of Wellington 1800–1914 (Wellington,
1990), pp. 247–52) and the ‘Seventy Mile Bush’ in Hawke’s Bay.
131. Arnold, New Zealand’s Burning, pp. 133–4, 138.R.J.C.Stone,
Makers of Fortune: A Colonial Business Community and its Fall
(Auckland, 1973); R. J. C. Stone, The Father and His Gifts (Auckland,
1987).
132. See R. Dalziel, Julius Vogel: Business Politician (Auckland,
1986).
133. Ibid.,p.81.
696 / Notes to pages 172–5
134. Railway mileage stood at 50 in 1870 but had reached 1,613 by
1886.
135. Dalziel, Vogel,p.179.
136. Ibid.,p.190.
137. W. H. Oliver and B. R. Williams (eds.), The Oxford History of
New Zealand (Oxford, 1981), pp. 210ff.
138. For Reeves’ political career, see K. Sinclair, Willliam Pember
Reeves (Oxford, 1965).
139. Tom Brooking, ‘Lands for the People’? (Dunedin, 1996),
pp. 131–41.
140. K. Sinclair, A History of New Zealand (Harmondsworth, 1959)
(since its publication, the most influential single-volume history).
141. See W. H. Oliver, ‘Reeves, Sinclair and the Social Pattern’, in
P. Munz, The Feel of Truth (Wellington, 1969), pp. 163–78.
142. Oliver, ‘Social Pattern’, p. 170.
143. Cf. Sinclair, New Zealand, pp. 185, 296.
144. See E. Olssen, ‘Towards a New Society’, in Oliver and Williams
(eds.), Oxford History. W. H. Oliver, ‘Social Welfare: Social Justice or
Social Efficiency’, New Zealand Journal of History, 13, 1 (1979),
25–33.
145. A phrase attributed to Seddon.
146. See J. Stenhouse and B. Moloughney, ‘“Drug-Besotted
Sin-Begotten Sons of Filth”: New Zealanders and the Oriental Other’,
New Zealand Journal of History, 33, 1 (1999), 43–64.
147. C. G. F. Simkin, The Instability of a Dependent Economy:
Economic Fluctuations in New Zealand 1840–1914 (Oxford, 1951),
p. 174.In1911, wool exports were worth £6.5 million; and meat,
butter and cheese exports £6.3 million.
148. Simpkin, Instability,p.175.
149. See M. King, Frank Sargeson: A Life (Auckland, 1995), ch. 7.
The classic account in fiction is J. Mulgan, Man Alone (1939).
697 / Notes to pages 175–8
150. M. Fairburn, ‘The Rural Myth and the New Urban Frontier: An
Approach to New Zealand Social History’, New Zealand Journal of
History, 9, 1 (1975), 3–21.
151. Reeves, Long White Cloud,p.407.
152. For the persistence of this outlook up to 1940, see C. Hilliard,
‘Stories of Becoming: The Centennial Surveys and the Colonization of
New Zealand’, New Zealand Journal of History, 33, 1 (1999), 4.
153. Dalziel, Vogel,p.276.
154. D. K. Fieldhouse, ‘New Zealand, Fiji and the Colonial Office
1900–1902’, Historical Studies, 8, 30 (1958), 114.
155. R. J. Burdon, King Dick (London and Wellington, 1955), p. 211.
156. New Zealand Parliamentary Debates,vol.110, pp. 75–6 (28
October 1899).
157. Ibid.p.77.
158. Brooking, ‘Lands for the people’?,p.217; Madden, Select
Documents,vol.V,The Dominions and India since 1900 (Westport,
1993), pp. 16–17.
159. Though some MPs resisted the idea of a military contribution
to the Boer War. See New Zealand Parliamentary Debates,vol.110,
p. 82 (Carson, Taylor).
160. Any differences with the Crown since 1840, remarked Honi
Heke, MP for the Northern Maori, ‘have not interfered with our duty
to the Crown’: New Zealand Parliamentary Debates,vol.110, 28
October 1899.
161. For important statements of this, see P. A. Buckner, ‘Whatever
Happened to the British Empire’, Journal of the Canadian Historical
Association, 4 (1993), 1–31; P. A. Buckner and C. Bridge,
‘Reinventing the British World’, The Round Table, 368 (2003),
77–88; C. Bridge and K. Fedorowich, ‘Mapping the British World’, in
C. Bridge and K. Fedorowich (eds.), The British World: Diaspora,
Culture and Identity (2003), pp. 1–15.
162. J. R. Seeley, The Expansion of England (1883), p. 75.
698 / Notes to pages 178–83
163. For Seeley’s opposition to Irish Home Rule, see J. Roach,
‘Liberalism and the Victorian Intelligentsia’, Historical Journal
(1957), 58–81.
164. See A. Jones and B. Jones, ‘The Welsh World and the British
Empire c.1851–1939: An Exploration’, in Bridge and Fedorowich
(eds.), The British World, pp. 57–81.
165. See D. MacKay, The Square Mile: Merchant Princes of Montreal
(Vancouver, 1987).
166. K. Fedorowich, ‘The British Empire on the Move, 1760–1914’,
in S. Stockwell (ed.), The British Empire: Themes and Perspectives
(Oxford, 2008), p. 85.
167. See B. S. Elliott, ‘Emigration from South Leinster to Eastern
Upper Canada’, in D. H. Akenson (ed.), Canadian Papers in Rural
History, vol. VIII (Gananoque, Ontario, 1992), pp. 277–306.
168. Fedorowich, ‘British Empire on the Move’, p. 83.
169. For D’Arcy McGee, see Dictionary of Canadian Biography
(online version); for Gavan Duffy and Coghlan, see Oxford
Dictionary of National Biography.
Chapter 5
1. Indian exports were worth Rupees 329 million (1860)and
Rs 2,490 million (1913). D. Kumar (ed.), Cambridge Economic
History of India (Cambridge, 1982), vol. II, pp. 833–4, 837
2. S. B. Saul, Studies in British Overseas Trade (Liverpool, 1960),
p. 62.
3. Railway mileage in India: 20 (1853), 4,771 (1870), 15,842 (1890),
23,627 (1900). See I. J. Kerr, Building the Railways of the Raj
1850–1900 (Delhi, 1997), pp. 211–12.
4. PP LVIII, 847 (1900): East India (Return of Wars and Military
Operations Wars on or beyond the Borders of British India),
pp. 2–15; ibid.(1908), p. 1.
5. See M. Adas, The Burma Delta (Madison, 1971).
699 / Notes to pages 183–5
6. See Claude Markovits, ‘Indian Merchant Networks’, Modern Asian
Studies, 33, 4 (1999), 883–911 at 892.
7. C. Markovits, ‘Indian Communities in China’, in R. Bickers and
C. Henriot (eds.), New Frontiers: Imperialism’s New Communities in
East Asia, 1842–1953 (Manchester, 2000), pp. 55–74.
8. W. S. Churchill, My African Journey (1908), ch. 3, for Churchill’s
opinions.
9.PP1893–4,LXV,16, Report of Committee on Indian Currency.
10. Cambridge Economic History of India, vol. II, p. 940.
11. B. R. Tomlinson, The Political Economy of the Raj 1914–1949
(1949), p. 19.
12. Cd. 131 (1900), Report of the Royal Commission on the
Administration of the Expenditure of India (the ‘Welby Report’),
vol. I, p. 79.
13. Lord Curzon, Speeches in India (Calcutta, 1900), vol. I, p. xiii.
14. Ibid., p. xi.
15. Salisbury to Sir Henry Northcote (Bombay), 8 June 1900.R.L.
Greaves, Persia and the Defence of India 1884–1892 (1959), p. 16.
16. Consulates paid for by the Indian government were set up at
Mohammerah (1890), Kerman (1895), Seistan (1899), Shiraz (1903),
Bandar Abbas (1904) and the Makran (1905).
17. Despatch from GoI to Secretary of State for India, 2 November
1892.PP1893–4 LXIII, Further Papers Respecting Proposed Changes
in the Indian Army System,C.6987 (1893), pp. 5–9.
18. Welby Report, pp. 126–7.
19. Lord Rosebery had insisted on this in 1895. Welby Report, vol. I,
p. 116.
20. Lord George Hamilton to Elgin, 12 August 1897. P. L. Malhotra,
The Administration of Lord Elgin in India (New Delhi, 1979), p. 159.
21. The number of letters and postcards exchanged between Britain
and India, reported the Islington Commission, rose from 8.5 million in
700 / Notes to pages 186–90
1901–2 to 27 million in 1911–12: Report of Royal Commission on
Public Services in India,Cd8382 (1917), p. 12.
22. See T. Raychaudhuri, Europe Reconsidered (Delhi, 1988),
especially the essay on Bhudev Mukhopadhyay.
23. J. B. Fuller, The Empire of India (1913), p. 275. Fuller’s figure is
687.
24. B. Cohn, ‘The Census, Social Structure and Objectification in
South Asia’, in his An Anthropologist among the Historians (Delhi,
1987).
25. See E. Gellner, Nations and Nationalism (1983).
26. As an embattled Indian Secretary complained: Viscount Morley,
Recollections (1914), vol. II, pp. 211, 256.
27. For this evolution, see E. Stokes, The English Utilitarians and
India (1959), Part IV, ch. 3; J. Roach, ‘Liberalism and the Victorian
Intelligentsia’, Cambridge Historical Journal, 13, 1 (1957), 58–81.
28. A term only applied much later to ‘Eurasians’ of mixed Indian
and European parentage.
29. 3rd edn (1894). Chesney had been Secretary in the military
department of the Indian government, and a member of the Viceroy’s
Council. He was MP for Oxford 1892–5.
30. Indian Polity,p.389.
31. Ibid.,p.390.
32. Hunter to A. P. Watt, 10 June 1897. F. H. Skrine, The Life of Sir
William Wilson Hunter (1901), p. 468.
33. W. W. Hunter, History of British India (1899), vol. I,
introduction.
34. Welby Report vol. I, p. 111.
35. Speech in House of Common, 8 August. F. Madden and D. K.
Fieldhouse (eds.), The Dependent Empire and Ireland: Select
Documents in the Constitutional History of the British Empire and
Commonwealth, vol. V (Westport, CT, 1991), p. 114.
701 / Notes to pages 191–200
36. For Lord Salisbury’s view, Madden, Select Documents,vol.V,
p. 99,n.1.
37. It was likely to alienate the Raj’s closest Indian allies.
38. H. H. Risley, The People of India [1908](2nd edn, 1915), p. 283
(Risley was the Indian government’s census expert).
39. A. Seal, The Emergence of Indian Nationalism (Cambridge,
1968), pp. 246ff.
40. Bengal District Administration Report (1913), cited in J. H.
Broomfield, Mostly about Bengal (New Delhi, 1982), p. 4.
41. See T. Raychaudhuri, Europe Reconsidered (New Delhi, 1988).
42. R. C. Palit (ed.), Speeches by Babu Surendra Nath Banerjea
1876–1880 (Calcutta, 1891), vol. I, p. 8.
43. Palit, Speeches,vol.I,p.223.
44. Palit, Speeches (Calcutta, 1894), vol. II, p. 60 (14 January 1884).
45. Ibid., vol, I, p. 119.
46. J. R. B. Jeejeebhoy (ed.), Some Unpublished and Later Speeches of
Sir Pherozeshah Mehta (Bombay, 1918), p. 30.
47. B. R. Nanda, Gokhale (New Delhi, 1977), p. 125.
48. Ibid., pp. 22ff.
49. ‘An Appreciation by Babu Aurobindo Ghose’, in The Writings
and Speeches of B. G. Tilak (Madras, 1919), p. 6.
50. R. I. Cashman, The Myth of the Lokmanya (Berkeley, 1975),
pp. 54–6.
51. Described cautiously by Gandhi as a ‘misguided patriot’, and later
by J. Nehru as a ‘predatory adventurer’. Cashman, The Lokmanya,
pp. 121–2.
52. I have adopted this term from Irish history. See E. Curtis, A
History of Ireland (1936), ch. 10.
53. See chapter 2 above.
54. Seal, Indian Nationalism,p.179.
702 / Notes to pages 201–4
55. Palit (ed.), Speeches (Calcutta, 1896). vol. V.
56. Ibid.
57. Macdonnell to (Viceroy) Elgin, 16 July 1897. Bodl. Mss Eng.
Hist. c.353.
58. Chesney, Indian Polity,p.385.
59. Skrine, Hunter,p.388.
60. See D. Rothermund, ‘Emancipation or Reintegration: The Politics
of Gopal Krishna Gokhale and Herbert Hope Risley’, in D. A. Low
(ed.), Soundings in Modern South Asian History (1968), pp. 131–58.
61. See Imran Ali, The Punjab under Imperialism 1885–1947
(Princeton, 1988).
62. D. Gilmartin, Empire and Islam: Punjab and the Making of
Pakistan (1988), pp. 13–24; P. M. H. van den Dungen, The Punjab
Tradition (1972).
63. G. Johnson, Provincial Politics and Indian Nationalism
(Cambridge, 1973), p. 64.
64. See Macdonnell to Elgin, 16 July 1897, Bodl. Mss Eng. Hist.
c.353: the question was whether recent unrest amounted to ‘a general
movement of the country against us’.
65. D. Dilks, Curzon in India (1969), vol. I, pp. 64–5.
66. S. Gopal, British Policy in India 1858–1905 (Cambridge, 1965),
p. 255.
67. Lord Ronaldshay, The Life of Lord Curzon (1928) vol. II, p. 89.
68. Thomas R. Metcalf, Ideologies of the Raj (Cambridge, 1995),
pp. 151ff.
69. For a summary, see Report of Calcutta University Commission
(1919), vol. I, pp. 65ff.
70. Risley to Curzon, 7 February 1904, D. Banerjee, Aspects of
Administration in Bengal 1898–1912 (New Delhi, 1980), p. 61.
71. Curzon to Secretary of State for India, 17 February 1904.
Banerjee, Aspects,p.61.
703 / Notes to pages 204–8
72. Curzon to Secretary of State for India, 2 February 1905,F.
Madden and J. Darwin (eds.). The Dominions and India since 1900:
Select Documents in the Constitutional History of the British Empire
and Commonwealth (Westport, CT, 1993), pp. 660–1.
73. R. Guha, ‘Discipline and Mobilize’, in P. Chatterjee and G.
Pandey (eds.), Subaltern Studies (1992), vol. VII, pp. 76–90. Even
Banerjea urged social boycott to coerce backsliders.
74. Curzon to Selborne, 21 May 1903. Bodl. Mss Selborne 10:
‘I spoke on behalf of a unanimous Cabinet of my own with a
constituency of 300 millions behind.’
75. Curzon, India’s Place in the Empire (1909), esp. pp. 7–9.
76. ‘Strong currents of democratic feeling [are] running breast high in
the House of Commons’. J. Morley, Recollections (1913)vol.I,
p. 171.
77. Arthur Hirtzel’s diary. S. Wolpert, Morley and India 1906–1910
(Berkeley, 1967), p. 43.
78. Morley to Minto, 15 June 1906. Morley, Recollections,vol.I,
p. 174.
79. B. R. Nanda, Gokhale (Delhi, 1977), p. 249. ‘Mere animal
gathering in India’, said Tilak, ‘would be of no avail’.
80. Morley to Minto, 2 August 1906. Morley, Recollections,vol.I,
p. 181.
81. Ibid.
82. For the Arundel Committee report, 12 October 1906, Morley
Collection, BLIOC, Ms Eur. D 573/32.
83. The Government of India’s ‘reforms despatch’, 21 March 1907,is
printed in ibid.
84. Ibid.
85. See his speech at Calcutta, 2 January 1907, ‘Tenets of a New
Party’. Writings and Speeches, pp. 56–65.
86. Ibid.
704 / Notes to pages 208–11
87. R. K. Ray, Social Conflict and Political Unrest in Bengal
1875–1927 (Delhi, 1984), pp. 154ff; Guha, ‘Discipline and Mobilize’,
pp. 76–90.
88. See P. Heehs, The Bomb in Bengal (Delhi, 1993).
89. Motilal Nehru to Jawaharlal Nehru, 17 May 1907. R. Kumar and
D. N. Panigrahi (eds.), Selected Works of Motilal Nehru (Delhi,
1982), vol. I, pp. 124–5.
90. Motilal Nehru to Jawaharlal Nehru, 23 April 1908, Selected
Works,vol.I,p.137.
91. Nanda, Gokhale,p.311.
92. Morley to Minto, 17 June 1908. Nanda, Gokhale,p.297.
93. A. P. Kaminsky, The India Office 1880–1910 (1986), p. 145.
94. Ibid., p. 144.
95. Wolpert, Morley,p.191.
96. Minto to Lansdowne, 18 March 1909. Nanda, Gokhale,p.318.
97. For the electoral system, see Banerjee, Aspects,p.129.For
Congress and the elections of 1912–13, see Broomfield, Mostly about
Bengal, pp. 55–78.
98. Motilal Nehru to Jawaharlal Nehru, 30 August 1909, Selected
Works,vol.I,p.17.
99. Motilal Nehru to Jawaharlal Nehru, 29 April 1910, Selected
Works,vol.I,p.145.
100. For the 1910 Press Act, see N. Barrier, Banned! (Columbia, MO,
1974).
101. Summary of the Administration of the Earl of Minto in the
Home Department 1905–1910 (Simla, 1910), p. 19.
102. R. Popplewell, Intelligence and Imperial Defence: British
Intelligence and the Defence of the Indian Empire 1907–1924 (1993),
pp. 51ff. For a sceptical view of its value, See R. Chandavarkar,
Imperial Power and Popular Politics (Cambridge, 1998),
pp. 208–9.