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725 / Notes to pages 298–313
143. Ibid., p. 79.
144. M. Wheatley, ‘John Redmond and Federalism in 1910’, Irish
Historical Studies, 32, 27 (2001), 354–63.
145. Childers, Framework, p. 104.
146. See Sir Gilbert Parker, ‘Home Rule and the Colonial Analogy’
(n. d.), copy in Mss Donoughmore K/27/15.
147. P. Buckland, ‘The Southern Irish Unionists, the Irish Question
and British Politics 1906–1914’, in A. O’Day (ed.), Reactions to Irish
Nationalism (1987), p. 381.
148. See A. Jackson, The Ulster Party (Oxford, 1989).
149. P. Jalland, The Liberals and Ireland (Brighton, 1980), p. 115.
150. N. Blewett, The Peers, the Parties and the People: The General
Elections of 1910 (1972), p. 407.
Chapter 8
1. D. French, British Economic and Strategic Planning 1905–1915
(1982), p. 27.
2. For the best recent study, see A. Offer, The First World War: An
Agrarian Interpretation (Oxford, 1989).
3. The best account is N. Stone, The Eastern Front 1914–1917
(1975).
4. See B. Millman, Pessimism and British War Policy, 1914–1918
(2001), pp. 12ff.
5. The best recent study is D. French, The Strategy of the Lloyd
George Coalition 1916–1918 (Oxford, 1995).
6. Bodl. Mss Milner 355: Milner to Lloyd George, 20 March 1918.
7. C. E. Callwell, Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson: His Life and
Diaries, 2 vols. (1927), vol. II, p. 76.
8. Bodl. Mss Milner 355: Milner to Wilson, 8 April 1918.
726 / Notes to pages 313–21
9. Callwell, Wilson, vol. II, p. 90.
10. Burton J. Hendrick, The Life and Letters of Walter Hines Page
(1924), p. 391 (10 June 1918).
11. Bodl. Mss Milner (Additional) c696: Milner to Lloyd George,
9 June 1918.
12. Ibid.
13. Grey to Cambon, 16 May 1916, conveniently reprinted in W.
Laqueur (ed.), The Israel–Arab Reader (3rd edn, New York, 1976),
p. 13.
14. D. Vital, A People Apart: The Jews in Europe 1789–1939
(Oxford, 1999), pp. 688–92; A. Verrier (ed.), Agents of Empire
(1995), p. 210.
15. French, Strategy of the Lloyd George Coalition,p.192.
16. Millman, Pessimism,p.208.
17. J. Darwin, Britain, Egypt and the Middle East (1981), p. 156.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid., p. 158.
20. For British anxieties, see W. B. Fowler, British–American
Relations 1917–1918: The Role of Sir William Wiseman (Princeton,
1969).
21. Fowler, British–American Relations, pp. 224–5.
22. E. Johnson (ed.), Collected Works of John Maynard Keynes,
vol. XVI, Activities 1914–1919, the Treasury and Versailles
(Cambridge,1971), p. 23: Keynes’ article in the Morning Post, 11
August 1914.
23. Ibid., vol. XVI, Activities, pp. 110–11.
24. Ibid., p. 125.
25. Ibid., pp. 185ff.
26. J. Wormell, The Management of the National Debt of the United
Kingdom 1900–1932 (2000), p. 243; Johnson, Collected Works,
vol. XVI, Activities,p.224.
727 / Notes to pages 321–4
27. Ibid., p. 244.
28. Ibid., p. 250.
29. Ibid., p. 268: Keynes to his mother, 24 December 1917.
30. By April 1917, the United States was an international creditor. See
D. Kennedy, Over Here: The First World War and American Society
(New York, 1980), p. 306.
31. Exports and re-exports in 1919,£385 million; 1913,£634
million. Both in 1913 prices. See A. W. Kirkcaldy (ed.), British
Finance during and after the War 1914–1921 (1921), pp. 364–8.
32. See R. Miller, ‘British Trade with Latin America 1870–1950’, in
P. Mathias and J. A. Davis (eds.), International Trade and British
Economic Growth from the 18th Century to the Present Day
(Oxford, 1996), p. 137.
33. Kennedy, Over Here,p.325.
34. Ibid., p. 322.
35. Wormell, National Debt,p.382.
36. Ibid., p. 151.
37. Johnson, Collected Works,vol.XVI,Activities,p.418.
38. Total government debt 1913:£625 million; 1920:£7809 million.
See B. R. Mitchell, Abstract of British Historical Statistics
(Cambridge, 1971), p. 403.
39. Wormell, National Debt,p.151.
40. Mitchell, Abstract, pp. 334–35.
41. Ibid., p. 476.
42. Ibid., p. 491.
43. Wormell, National Debt,p.299.
44. Bodl. Mss Robert Brand, Box 8: P. Duncan to Robert Brand,
8 February 1917.
45. Wormell, National Debt,p.296.
728 / Notes to pages 324–9
46. Mss Robert Brand, Box 5B: R. Brand to E. S. Montagu, 18 July
1916.
47. Mss Robert Brand, Box 9: Note (n.d.) by Robert Brand.
48. Wormell, National Debt, pp. 151, 288.
49.PP1917–18, XXIV, p. 12: Financial Statement by Finance
Member, Government of India, 1 March 1917.
50. B. R. Tomlinson, The Political Economy of the Raj 1914–1947
(1979), pp. 106–7.
51.PP1917–18, XXIV, p. 101: Indian Legislative Council
Proceedings, 7 March 1917.
52. Tomlinson, Political Economy,p.109.
53.PP1919, XXXVII, p. 4: Statement by Finance Member, 1 March
1919.
54. Kennedy, Over Here,p.332.
55. Ibid., p. 99.
56. Ibid., p. 341.
57. Ibid., p. 342.
58. H. Strachan, The First World War,vol.1, To Arms (Oxford,
2001), p. 965.
59. Strachan, First World War,p.908.
60. See J. M. Atkin, ‘Official Regulation of British Overseas
Investment 1918–1931’, Economic History Review, 2nd series, 23
(1970).
61. R. Michie, The London Stock Exchange (Oxford, 1999), p. 181.
62. Ibid., p. 173.
63. Mss Robert Brand 26: Notes for a Speech/Article on
Anglo-Canadian Relations, ?1913.
64. The argument advanced by Ramsay MacDonald. See D.
Marquand, Ramsay MacDonald (1977), p. 167.
729 / Notes to pages 330–6
65. See A. M. Gollin, Proconsul in Politics (1964), for the best
discussion of this group.
66. J. M. McEwen (ed.), The Riddell Diaries 1908–23 (1986),
p. 186.
67. Ibid., p. 219.
68. For a contemporary study of pre-war conditions, see J. Orr,
Report on Agriculture in Berkshire (1916).
69. Mss Milner (Additional) c696: Milner to Lloyd George, 6
September 1918.
70. BLIOC, Curzon Papers, Mss Eur. F 112/122: Milner to Curzon,
23 January 1918.
71. C. Wrigley, Arthur Henderson (Cardiff, 1990), p. 113;
Marquand, Ramsay MacDonald,p.217.
72. D. Lloyd George, War Memoirs, 2 vols. (1936), vol. II, pp. 1595ff.
73. By comparison, 27 per cent of British adult males served overseas,
50 per cent were casualties, and over 900,000 were killed.
74. Documents on Canadian External Relations,vol.I,1909–1918
(Ottawa, 1967), pp. 93–4: Prime Minister to Assistant High
Commissioner, 30 October 1915.
75. Ibid., p. 104: Prime Minister to Assistant High Commissioner,
4 January 1916.
76. Ibid., p. 115: Borden to Perley, 24 February 1916.
77. A. F. Madden and J. Darwin (eds.), Select Documents in the
Constitutional History of the British Empire and Commonwealth,vol.
VI, The Dominions and India since 1900 (Westport, CT, 1993), p. 42.
78. Mss Milner 361: Draft Report of Committee of Prime Ministers,
20 August 1918.
79. Ibid.
80. Documents on Canadian External Relations,vol.I,p.218:
Borden to Lloyd George, 29 October 1918; ibid., p. 220: Hughes to
Borden, 10 November 1918.
730 / Notes to page 336
81. National Archives of Canada, J. W. Dafoe Papers, M-73
(microfilm): Wilfrid Laurier to J. Dafoe, 8 November 1912.
82. D. Morton, ‘Providing and Consuming Security in Canada’s
Century’, Canadian Historical Review, 81, 1 (2000), 11;this
compared with some 18 per cent in its counterpart, the Australian
Imperial Force.
83. See speech, 12 January 1910, National Archives of Canada,
Borden Mss, C-412 (microfilm).
84. National Archives of Canada, Dafoe Papers, M-73: Sifton to
Dafoe, 21 September 1914.
85. M. Westley, Remembrance of Grandeur: The Anglo-Protestant
Elite of Montreal 1900–1950 (Montreal, 1990), pp. 112ff.
86. J. M. Bliss, ‘The Methodist Church and World War One’, in
C. Berger (ed.), Conscription 1917 (Toronto, 1970), p. 40.
87. National Archives of Canada, Dafoe Papers M-73:Dafoeto
T. Cot
´
e, 6 April 1916.
88. Ibid., Dafoe to Cot
´
e, 1 January 1916.
89. B. G. Ferguson, Remaking Liberalism: The Intellectual Legacy of
Adam Shortt, O. D. Skelton, W. C. Clark and W. A. Mackintosh,
1890–1925 (Montreal and Kingston, 1993), p. 151.
90. National Archives of Canada, Henri Bourassa Papers M-721
(microfilm): Bourassa to C. H. Cahan, 3 October 1914.
91. Ibid., Bourassa to J. S. Ewart, 18 September 1915.
92. National Archives of Canada, Wilfrid Laurier Papers C-908
(microfilm): Laurier to Senator Dandurand, 17 January 1915.
93. National Archives of Canada, Bourassa Papers M-721: Bourassa
to W. D. Gregory, 24 November 1916.
94. National Archives of Canada, Clifford Sifton Papers H-1014
(microfilm): Sifton to Senator Bostock, 23 July 1917.
95. National Archives of Canada, Robert Borden Papers C-412
(microfilm): Meighen to Borden, 17 October 1916.
731 / Notes to pages 338–43
96. National Archives of Canada, Laurier Papers C-915 (microfilm):
Laurier to Sir C. Russell, 27 December 1917.
97. National Archives of Canada, Borden Papers C-412:R.N.
Gosnell to Borden, 20 December 1917.
98. National Archives of Canada, Laurier Papers C-915: Skelton to
Laurier, 18 December 1917.
99. E. M. Andrews, The Anzac Illusion (Cambridge, 1993), p. 11:
146,602 in 1913.
100. R. Evans, Loyalty and Disloyalty: Social Conflict on the
Queensland Home Front, 1914–1918 (Sydney, 1987), p. 7.
101. Andrews, Anzac Illusion, pp. 28, 41.
102. J. McQuilton, Rural Australia and the Great War (Melbourne,
2001), p. 19.
103. Ibid., p. 42.
104. The figures were 1,160,033 to 1,087,557.
105. 1,181,747 to 1,015,159.
106. D. Day, John Curtin: A Life (Sydney, 1999), p. 229.
107. Evans, Loyalty,p.9.
108. Ibid., p. 96.
109. Day, Curtin,p.243.
110. Evans, Loyalty,p.100.
111. S. Alomes, A Nation at Last? (North Ryde, NSW, 1988),
pp. 67–8.
112.On25 September 1914. New Zealand National Archives, Acc.
556, Sir James Allen Papers, Box 12.
113. Ibid., Allen to T. Todd, 16 April 1915.
114. For Allen’s speech in the New Zealand parliament, The
Dominion, 9 August 1916, Allen Papers, Box 4.
115. James Belich, Paradise Reforged (2002), p. 111.
732 / Notes to pages 343–9
116. A. B. Keith, War Government in the British Dominions (1921),
p. 97.
117. New Zealand National Archives, Allen Papers, Box 9: Allen to
Massey, 8 November 1916.
118. University of Cape Town, Jagger Library, Patrick Duncan
Papers, D.5.8: Duncan to Lady Selborne, 20 August 1914.
119. Ibid., D.5.9: Duncan to Lady Selborne, 20 January 1915.
120. Ibid., Duncan to Lady Selborne, 27 January 1915.
121. Ibid., Duncan to Lady Selborne, 2 April 1915.
122. Ibid., D.1.34: Sir Thomas Smartt to Duncan, 28 August 1915.
123. I. S. Uys, ‘South Africans at Delville Wood’, South African
Military History Journal, 7, 2 (1986), 45–58; Keith, War
Government,p.107.
124. University of Cape Town, Jagger Library, Patrick Duncan
Papers, A.1.2: Duncan to J. H. Hofmeyr, 10 March 1919.
125. M. Hasan (ed.), Mohamed Ali in Indian Politics: Selected
Writings (New Delhi, 1987), vol. II, p. 115.
126. BLIOC, Chelmsford Coll., Mss Eur. E 264/2: Viceroy to
Secretary of State for India, 27 May 1916.
127. Chelmsford Coll., Mss Eur. E 264/8: Viceroy to Secretary of
State for India, 18 May 1917.
128. Madden and Darwin, Select Documents, vol. VI, pp. 678–9.
129. See clauses 12dand16 of the Congress–League scheme, printed
in L. Curtis, Letters to the People of India on Responsible
Government (1918), appendix.
130. Trinity College, Cambridge, Edwin Montagu Papers: Montagu
to Lloyd George, 27 June 1917.
131. E. S. Montagu, An Indian Diary (1930), p. 216.
132. Ibid., p. 216.
133. Curtis, Letters, pp. 70–4.
733 / Notes to pages 350–62
134. Montagu, Indian Diary,p.358: this was (Sir) William Marris,
later governor of the United Provinces.
135. Report of the Indian National Congress Special Session, 29
August–1 September 1918.
136. Ibid., p. 103: this was B. C. Pal of Bengal.
137. Montagu Papers: Montagu to Chelmsford, 27 April 1918.
138. Montagu Papers: Notes prepared on the Rowlatt Act, n.d.
139. Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi,vol.XIV,pp.486–7:
Gandhi to S. Sastri, 18 July 1918.
140. Recruiting Appeal, 22 June 1918, in M. Desai, Day to Day with
Gandhi,vol1, November 1917 to March 1919 (Eng. trans., Benares,
1968). Desai was Gandhi’s personal secretary.
141. F. Robinson, Separatism among Indian Muslims (Cambridge,
1974), p. 289.
142. Montagu Papers: draft, Montagu to Lloyd George, 27 June
1917.
143. W. E. Vaughan (ed.), The New History of Ireland,vol.VI,
Ireland under the Union, Part 2 (Oxford, 1996), p. 218.
144. Hansard, HC Debs., 5s, 91,col.446, 7 March 1917.
145. Ibid., col. 477, 7 March 1917.
146. See R. B. McDowell, The Irish Convention 1917–18 (1970).
147. Vaughan (ed.), New History of Ireland, vol. VI, Part 2,p.607.
148. See E. O’Malley, On Another Man’s Wound [1936] (paperback
edn, 1979), ch. 6.
149. I. Bowman, The New World: Problems in Political Geography
(1921).
Chapter 9
1. M. G. Fry, Illusions of Security: North Atlantic Diplomacy
1918–1922 (Toronto, 1972), pp. 6ff.
734 / Notes to pages 362–6
2. For Smuts’ urging along these lines, see his speech, ‘The
Commonwealth Conception’, 15 May 1917, reprinted in J. C. Smuts,
Plans for a Better World (1942), p. 42.
3. Fry, Illusions, pp. 8–9.
4. H. and M. Sprout, Towards a New Order of Sea Power (2nd edn,
Princeton, 1946,) p. 285.
5. Foreign Office memorandum on the Neutralisation of the
Rhineland, 7 April 1923, in W. N. Medlicott, D. Dakin and M. E.
Lambert (eds.), Documents on British Foreign Policy, 1st series,
vol. XXI (1978)p.195.
6. House of Lords Record Office, Bonar Law Papers 111/12/40,
Bonar Law to Curzon, 7 December 1922.
7. BLIOC, Curzon Papers, Mss Eur. F112/286, R. McNeill to Curzon,
28 January 1923.
8. The Anglo-American agreement was eventually signed on 18 June
1923. See A. Orde, British Policy and European Reconstruction after
the First World War (Cambridge, 1990), pp. 233–7.
9. Memo by Austen Chamberlain, 4 January 1925. Documents on
British Foreign Policy, 1st series, vol.XXVII (1986), p. 256.
10. Note by Hankey, 23 January 1925, Documents on British Foreign
Policy, 1st series, vol. XXVII (1986), pp. 286–7.
11. Memo by H. Nicolson, 20 February 1925, circulated to Cabinet.
Documents on British Foreign Policy, 1st series, vol. XXVII (1986),
p. 316.
12. P. Towle, ‘British Security and Disarmament Policy in Europe in
the 1920s’, in R. Ahmann, A. Birke and M. Howard (eds.), The Quest
for Stability (1993), pp. 129–30.
13. Note by Chamberlain, 12 October 1925, Documents on British
Foreign Policy, 1st series, vol. XXVII, p. 866.
14. I. Bowman, The New World (4th edn, New York, 1928), p. 745.
Bowman played a leading part in founding the Council on Foreign
Relations. For his career, see N. Smith, American Empire: Roosevelt’s