Darwin J. The Empire Project. The Rise and Fall of the British World-System, 1830-1970
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785 / Notes to pages 630–5
53. For Macleod’s calculations, see British Documents on the End of
Empire: Murphy (ed.), Central Africa, Part 2, pp. 232–35: Macleod to
Sandys, 26 May 1961.
54. Cmnd. 1291 (1961). Report of the Southern Rhodesian
Constitutional Conference, February 1961.
55. PREM 11/2784, Report by Burke Trend, 13 October 1959.
56. Shepherd, Iain Macleod,p.212.
57. British Documents on the End of Empire: Murphy (ed.), Central
Africa, Part 1, Introduction, p. lxxxvii.
58. British Documents on the End of Empire: Hyam and Louis (eds.),
The Conservative Government and the End of Empire, 1957–1964,
Part 2, pp. 455–62, for the valedictory report by Sir John Maud, 14
May 1963.
59. See R. F. Holland, Britain and the Revolt in Cyprus 1954–1959
(Oxford, 1998), pp. 300–20.
60. Macmillan’s diary, 15 September 1957. P. Catterall (ed.), The
Macmillan Diaries: The Cabinet Years, 1950–1957 (2003), p. 599.
61. Peden, Treasury,p.501.
62. See P. Mangold, The Almost Impossible Ally: Harold Macmillan
and Charles De Gaulle (2006), p. 79.
63. See E. B. Geelhoed (ed.), The Macmillan–Eisenhower
Correspondence, 1957–1965 (2005).
64. See N. Ashton, ‘Harold Macmillan and the “Golden Days” of
Anglo-American Relations Revisited, 1957–1963’, Diplomatic
History, 29, 4 (2005), 70. For the declaration, British Documents on
the End of Empire: Hyam and Louis (eds.), The Conservative
Government and the End of Empire 1957–1964, Part 2,p.227.
65. For this suggestion, see Ashton, ‘Harold Macmillan and the
“Golden Days”’, p. 699.
66. See W. A. Nielsen, The Great Powers and Africa (1969), chs. 8, 9
and Table 20.
786 / Notes to pages 636–40
67. For this episode, see Ashton, ‘Harold Macmillan and the “Golden
Days”’, p. 710.
68. Mangold, Impossible Ally,p.127.
69. Ibid., p. 128.
70. Ibid., p. 136.
71. British Documents on the End of Empire: Hyam and Louis (eds.),
The Conservative Government and the End of Empire 1957–1964,
Part 2, pp. 214–15, for the Cabinet discussion.
72. Macmillan’s diary, 28 January 1963. Quoted in Mangold,
Impossible Ally,p.205.
73. British Documents on the End of Empire: Hyam and Louis (eds.),
The Conservative Government and the End of Empire 1957–1964,
Part 2,p.198: Cabinet Conclusions, 26 April 1961.
74. See G. H. Souton, L’alliance incertaine: les rapports
politico-strategiques franco-allemands, 1954–1991 (Paris, 1996); P.
M. H. Bell, France and Britain 1940–1994: The Long Separation
(1997), pp. 176–8; C. Wurm, ‘Two Paths to Europe’, in C.Wurm
(ed.), Western Europe and Germany: The Beginnings of European
Integration 1945–1960 (Oxford, 1995), pp. 186–8; W. Kaiser,
‘Against Napoleon and Hitler: Background Influences in British
Diplomacy’, in W. Kaiser and G. Staerck (eds.), British Foreign Policy
1955–1964: Contracting Options (2000), pp. 122–3; Mangold,
Impossible Ally,chs.14–20.
75. National Archives of Australia, A1209/64, Special Committee on
Blue Streak, 22 March 1960.
76. British Documents on the End of Empire: Hyam and Louis (eds.),
The Conservative Government and the End of Empire 1957–1964,
Part 2,p.283: Cabinet Memo by Foreign Secretary, 2 September
1964.
77. R. H. S. Crossman, Diaries of a Cabinet Minister (1976), vol. II,
p. 639 (7 January 1968).
78. A. Cairncross, Managing the British Economy in the 1960s: A
Treasury Perspective (Basingstoke, 1996), pp. 92–5.
787 / Notes to pages 641–5
79. Ibid., p. 172.
80. Ibid., p. 178.
81. For the Middle East role, see G. Balfour-Paul, The End of Empire
in the Middle East: Britain’s Relinquishment of Power in Her Last
Three Arab Dependencies (Cambridge, 1991); for Southeast Asia and
the containment of Indonesia, see J. Subritzski, Confronting Sukarno:
British, American, Australian and New Zealand Diplomacy in the
Malaysian–Indonesian Confrontation, 1961–1965 (2000).
82. R. C. O. Matthews, C. H. Feinstein and J. Odling-Smee, British
Economic Growth 1856–1973 (Stanford, 1982), p. 164.
83. Cmnd. 2764 (1965), pp. 6, 70–1.
84. British Documents on the End of Empire, Series A, Vol. 5:S.R.
Ashton and W. R. Louis (eds.), East of Suez and the Commonwealth,
Part III, Dependent Territories, Africa, Economics, Race (2004),
p. 496: Treasury Memo, 26 April 1968.
85. The authoritative study of British policy is now Phuong Pham,
‘The End of East of Suez: The British Decision to Withdraw from
Malaysia and Singapore 1964 to 1968’ (DPhil., Oxford, 2001),
shortly to be published by Oxford University Press. See also J.
Darwin, ‘Britain’s Withdrawal from East of Suez’, in C. Bridge (ed.),
Munich to Vietnam: Australia’s Relations with Britain and the United
States since the 1930s (Carlton, Vic., 1991), pp. 140–58.
86. Cmnd. 2901, Statement on Defence Estimates, 1966,p.8.
87. Cmnd. 3203, Statement on Defence Estimates, 1967,p.7.
88. Crossman, Diaries of a Cabinet Minister, vol. II, p. 86 (22
October 1966).
89. Cmnd. 3357, Supplementary Statement on Defence Policy, 1967,
pp. 5ff.
90. The Gulf rulers offered to meet the costs of the British military
presence. For the background, see S. C. Smith, Britain’s Revival and
Fall in the Gulf: Kuwait, Qatar and the Trucial States 1950–1971
(2004).
91. HC Debs., 5th series, vol. 756,col.1991, 18 January 1968.
788 / Notes to pages 645–52
92. See J. R. T. Wood, So Far and No Further!: Rhodesia’s Bid for
Independence during the Retreat from Empire 1959–1965
(Johannesburg, 2005), p. 167. Wood’s account is based on both
British and Rhodesian records, including the papers of Ian Smith.
93. Ibid., ch. 26, for the Anglo-Rhodesian dispute over the role a
commission might play.
94. For Minister of Defence Denis Healey’s calculation two months
after UDI, see his minute of 20 January 1966, British Documents on
the End of Empire: Ashton and Louis (eds.), East of Suez and the
Commonwealth 1964–1971, Part II, Europe, Rhodesia and the
Commonwealth,p.232.
95. For the negotiations, see E. Windrich, Britain and the Politics of
Rhodesian Independence (1978).
96. Of the twenty-six Commonwealth member states in 1967, eleven
were African and five Asian.
97. This map, labelled ‘Secret’, can be found in British Documents on
the End of Empire: Ashton and Louis (eds.), East of Suez and the
Commonwealth 1964–1971, Part II: Europe, Rhodesia,
Commonwealth, following p. 100.
98. Quoted in J. Darwin, Britain and Decolonisation (1988), p. 324.
Conclusion
1. A. Roberts, Salisbury: Victorian Titan (1999), p. 42.
2. Churchill in the House of Commons, HC Deb., 5th series, vol. 247,
col. 702 (26 January 1931).
3. H. Dalton, High Tide and After: Memoirs 1945–1960 (1962),
p. 105.
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
This is not intended as a full bibliography of the sources used for this
book (the detail of these can be found in the endnotes that accompany
each chapter) let alone of the whole range of materials consulted, or
available to an interested reader. Indeed, the sources for the study of
British world power over a period of a century and a half are virtually
limitless. Some idea of their scale can be gained from a glance at A.
Porter (ed.), Bibliography of Imperial, Colonial and Commonwealth
History since 1600 (Oxford, 2002). This contains nearly 24,000
items, some of them running to dozens of volumes. A much shorter
but very useful bibliography can be found in S. Stockwell (ed.), The
British Empire: Themes and Problems (Oxford, 2008). J. Holland
Rose, A. P. Newton and E. A. Benians (eds.), The Cambridge History
of the British Empire,vol.1 (1929) and vol. 2 (1940) both provide
extensive bibliographies, including a guide to archival materials and
parliamentary debates. What I have listed below are the main primary
sources which I have used, a selection of the available printed sources,
and a short list of what seem to me to be the most brilliant or
insightful large views of the subject.
Unpublished primary sources
I made use of the following private papers collections. In the United
Kingdom: Stanley Baldwin (Cambridge University Library), A. J.
Balfour (British Library), Andrew Bonar Law (House of Lords Record
Office), Robert Brand (Bodleian Library), Austen Chamberlain
(Birmingham University Library), Viscount Chelmsford (British
Library India and Oriental Collection), Arthur Creech Jones (Rhodes
790 / Select bibliography
House Library, Oxford), Lionel Curtis (Bodleian Library), 1st
Marquess Curzon (BLIOC), Geoffrey Dawson (Bodleian Library),
Edward Grigg (Bodleian Library: microfilm), John Holt and Co.
(Rhodes House Library, Oxford), Miles Lampson, later Lord Killearn
(Middle East Centre, St Antony’s College, Oxford), George Lloyd
(Churchill College Archives, Cambridge), David Lloyd George (House
of Lords Record Office),Viscount Milner (Bodleian Library), E. S.
Montagu (Trinity College, Cambridge), Gerald Portal (Rhodes House
Library, Oxford), C. J. Rhodes (Rhodes House Library, Oxford),
Viscount Sankey (Bodleian Library), Earl Selborne (Bodleian Library)
and John Simon (Bodleian Library).
In the Irish Republic: Donoughmore Mss (Trinity College, Dublin).
In Canada: John Buchan (Douglas Library, Queen’s University
Kingston), Henri Bourassa (National Archives of Canada),
Robert Borden (NAC), Brooke Claxton (NAC), T. A. Crerar
(Douglas Library, Queen’s University), J. W. Dafoe (Elizabeth Dafoe
Library, University of Manitoba), Wilfrid Laurier (NAC), Mackenzie
King (NAC), Arthur Meighen (NAC), Charles G. Power (Douglas
Library, Queen’s University), Clifford Sifton (NAC) and Byron E.
Walker (Thomas Fisher Rare Books Library, University of
Toronto).
In South Africa: Sir Patrick Duncan and H. G. Lawrence
(both in Jagger Library, University of Cape Town), D. F. Malan
(Stellenbosch University Library), Charles Crewe and Sir Edgar
Walton (both in Cory Library, Rhodes University Library,
Grahamstown) and J. P. Fitzpatrick (National English Literary
Museum, Grahamstown).
In New Zealand: Sir James Allen (New Zealand National Archives)
and J. G. Coates and Sir Alister McIntosh (both in Alexander
Turnbull Library).
In the United States: J. L. Garvin (Harry Ransome Humanities
Research Centre, University of Texas at Austin).
I have also made use of Official Records, principally Cabinet, Foreign
Office and Colonial Office records in the National Archives at Kew,
and Australian Cabinet records at the National Archives of Australia,
Canberra.
791 / Select bibliography
Printed sources
There is a huge array of printed sources to be mined or quarried.
Among those that I have found most valuable are:
G. P. Gooch and H. Temperley (eds.), British Documents on the
Origins of the War 1898–1914, 12 vols. (1927–38).
E. L. Woodward, R. Butler, D. Dakin and M. Lambert (eds.),
Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919–1939, Three Series
(1946–86).
A. F. McMadden and D. K. Fieldhouse (eds.), Select Documents on
the Constitutional History of the British Empire and
Commonwealth, 8 vols. (1985–2000), especially vols. 5, 6, 7, 8.
P. N. S. Mansergh (ed.), Documents and Speeches on British
Commonwealth Affairs 1931–1952, 2 vols. (1953).
P. N. S. Mansergh, E. W. Lumby and E. P. Moon (eds.),
Constitutional Relations between Britain and India: The Transfer
of Power, 1942–1947, 12 vols. (1970–83).
The British Documents on the End of Empire series includes both
‘general’ volumes and ‘country’ volumes. I have made particular use
of:
r
R. Hyam (ed.), The Labour Government and the End of Empire
1945–1951, 4 vols. (1992).
r
D. J. Goldsworthy (ed.), The Conservative Government and the End
of Empire 1951–1957, 3 vols. (1994).
r
R. Hyam and W. R. Louis (eds.), The Conservative Government
and the End of Empire 1957–1964, 2 vols. (2000).
r
S. R. Ashton and W. R. Louis (eds.), East of Suez and the
Commonwealth 1964–1971, 3 vols. (2004).
r
J. Kent (ed.), Egypt and the Defence of the Middle East, 3 vols.
(1998).
r
P. Murphy (ed.), Central Africa, 2 vols. (2005).
D. R. Murray and J. F. Hilliker (eds.), Documents on Canadian
External Relations (Ottawa, 1972–).
F. K. Crowley (ed.), Documents in Australian History (1973).
G. Greenwood and C. Grimshaw (eds.), Documents on Australian
International Affairs 1901–1918 (West Melbourne, 1977).
792 / Select bibliography
N. Meaney (ed.), Australia and the World: A Documentary History
from the 1870s to 1970s (Melbourne, 1985).
W. J. Hudson and W. Way (eds.), Australia and the Post-War World:
Documents 1947 (Canberra, 1995).
I. McGibbon (ed.), Undiplomatic Dialogue: Letters between Carl
Berendsen and Alister McIntosh 1943–1957 (Auckland, 1993).
C. Headlam, The Milner Papers: South Africa 1897–1905, 2 vols.
(1931).
W. K. Hancock and J. Van Der Poel (eds.), Selections from the Smuts
Papers, 7 vols. (Cambridge, 1966–73).
A. H. Duminy and W. R. Guest (eds.), Fitzpatrick, South African
Politician: Selected Papers 1888–1906 (Johannesburg, 1976).
M. Fraser and A. Jeeves (eds.), All That Glittered: Selected
Correspondence of Lionel Phillips, 1890–1924 (Cape Town, 1977).
M. E. Yapp (ed.), Politics and Diplomacy in Egypt: The Diaries of Sir
Miles Lampson 1935–1937 (Oxford, 1997).
R. C. Palit (ed.), Speeches by Babu Surendra Nath Banerjea
1876–1880, vols. 1–5 (Calcutta, 1891–6).
Writings and Speeches of B. G. Tilak (Madras, 1919).
V. S. Srinavasa Sastri, Speeches and Writings (Madras, n.d.).
Congress Presidential Addresses, Second Series (Madras, 1934).
M. Hasan (ed.), Mohamed Ali in Indian Politics: Selected Writings,
vol. II (New Delhi, 1987).
R. Kumar and H. D. Sharma (eds.), Selected Works of Motilal Nehru,
6 vols. (New Delhi, 1992–5).
S. Gopal (ed.), Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru, First Series, 15
vols. (New Delhi, 1972–82).
The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi, 100 vols. (New Delhi,
1964–).
Of the ever-increasing volume of material now available online,
British Parliamentary Papers for the nineteenth and twentieth century,
the Times Digital Archive, giving access to The Times since its first
publication, The Mackenzie King Diaries,theDictionary of Canadian
Biography,theAustralian Dictionary of Biography and the Oxford
Dictionary of National Biography were particularly useful.
793 / Select bibliography
Secondary works
The starting point for any serious study of the subject of this book is
J. Gallagher and R. Robinson, ‘The Imperialism of Free Trade’,
Economic History Review, New Series, 6, 1 (1953). The ideas and
arguments found there repay almost constant re-reading. They were
further developed in R. E. Robinson and J. Gallagher, Africa and the
Victorians (1961), R. Robinson, ‘The Non-Imperial Foundations of
European Imperialism: Sketch for a Theory of Collaboration’, in R.
Owen and B. Sutcliffe (eds.), Studies in the Theory of Imperialism
(1972) and J. Gallagher, The Decline, Revival and Fall of the British
Empire (Cambridge, 1982). Their application to India was proposed
in J. Gallagher, G. Johnson and A. Seal (eds.), Locality, Province and
Nation (Cambridge, 1973). An essential contrast to their emphasis on
the ‘official mind’ of the policy-makers can be found in P. Cain and
A. G. Hopkins, British Imperialism: 1688–2000 (2nd edn, 2001).
Here it is the financial power of the City of London which exerts a
commanding influence over the pattern of British expansion. Although
the extent to which ‘gentlemanly capitalism’ was the dominant ethos
in both Whitehall and the City has been disputed, British Imperialism
provides an essential corrective to narrowly political or diplomatic
accounts of British world power, and to the view that its decline had
set in by 1914. The role of the City can be followed in R. C. Michie,
The City of London: Continuity and Change 1850–1990 (1992)and
(with brio) in D. Kynaston, The City of London, 4 vols. (1994–2001).
The most brilliant account of Britain’s economic travails in the first
half of the twentieth century is R. Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes:
A Biography, 3 vols. (1983–2000). K. H. O’Rourke and J. G.
Willliamson, Globalisation and History: The Evolution of a
Nineteenth-Century Atlantic Economy (1999), examines the growth
of an Atlantic economy on its way to being global. The most elegant
short survey of British sea-power remains G. Graham, The Politics of
Naval Supremacy (Cambridge, 1965); on the broader subject of
‘imperial defence’, there is now G. Kennedy (ed.), Imperial Defence:
The Old World Order 1856–1956 (2008). Much the best survey of
the domestic impact of empire in Britain is A. S. Thompson, The
Empire Strikes Back: The Impact of Imperialism on Britain from the
Mid-Nineteenth Century (2005). One of the key themes of this book
has been the neglected significance of the settlement colonies/‘white
794 / Select bibliography
dominions’ for British world power, and the close identification of
their ‘British’ populations with the fate of the British Empire. The
revival of interest in the socio-cultural connections across this ‘British
World’ can be followed in C. Bridge and K. Fedorowich (eds.), The
British World: Diaspora, Culture and Identity (2003), and P. Buckner
and R. D. Francis (eds.), Rediscovering the British World (Calgary,
2005). Two recent volumes in the Oxford History of the British
Empire Companion Series, namely, P. Buckner (ed.), Canada and the
British Empire (Oxford, 2008) and D. Schreuder and S. Ward (eds.),
Australia’s Empire (Oxford, 2008), reflect this new orientation. James
Belich’s two-volume history, Making Peoples (1996)andParadise
Reforged (2001), pioneered the reinterpretation of New Zealand
history as a process of ‘recolonisation’, in which the cultural,
economic and strategic ties with Britain were progressively
strengthened from the late nineteenth century. I have not found much
space for an explicit discussion of imperial culture in this book, but
the reader will find much of the material for a cultural history of
empire in John MacKenzie’s hugely successful series, Studies in
Imperialism, now approaching its hundredth volume. I have
attempted throughout to set the fortunes of British expansion in a
global context. C. A. Bayly, Imperial Meridian: The British Empire
and the World 1780–1830 (1988), offers a brilliant account of how
this might be done for an earlier period, while his Birth of the Modern
World 1780–1914: Global Connections and Comparisons (Oxford,
2004) is a panoramic interpretation of the long nineteenth century. In
After Tamerlane: The Global History of Empire (2007), I attempted
to sketch the Eurasian conditions in which British and other European
imperialisms rose and then fell.
Readers in search of an alternative panoptic view of the places
and periods covered in this book should turn to the Oxford History of
the British Empire, vol. III, The Nineteenth Century, ed. Andrew
Porter (Oxford, 1999) and vol. IV, The Twentieth Century, ed. Judith
Brown and W. R. Louis (Oxford, 1999), or to Piers Brendon, The
Decline and Fall of the British Empire 1781–1997 (London, 2007).