Darwin J. The Empire Project. The Rise and Fall of the British World-System, 1830-1970
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715 / Notes to pages 253–8
122. For Progressive divisions, see Jagger Library, University of Cape
Town, Mss Patrick Duncan, D.16.1: Patrick Duncan to L. S. Amery,
29 June 1908.
123. For Fitzpatrick’s initial opposition, see Fraser and Jeeves (eds.),
All That Glittered,p.172.
Chapter 7
1.PP1904 Cd. 1789, Royal Commission on the War in South Africa
[RCWSA], Report (1903), Appendix D, p. 225: Memo by Secretary of
State for War, 1 June 1891.
2. This distribution is based on PP 1897 (349), Statistical Report on
the Health of the Navy: 1896.
3. See A. Preston and J. Major, Send a Gunboat (1967).
4. RCWSA, Report, Appendix D, p. 289: Memo by Lord Lansdowne,
4 December 1896. There were also the Guards regiments.
5. See WO 33/256, 23 December 1902: ‘The Cost of Principal British
Wars 1857–1899’.
6. C. E. Callwell, Small Wars: Their Principles and Practice (3rd edn,
1906), p. 76.
7. RCWSA, Report, Appendix D, p. 213: Minute by Lord Wolseley,
22 February 1896.
8. W. R. Langer, European Alliances and Alignments 1871–1890
(2nd edn, New York, 1950), p. 400: Salisbury to Queen Victoria, 10
February 1887.
9. Bodl. Mss Selborne Box 12: Milner to Lord Selborne, 31 January
1900.
10.PP1904 Cd. 1790, RCWSA, Evidence,vol.1,p.175,Q.4134 (Sir
E. Wood), 29 October 1902.
11. L. S. Amery, The Times History of the War in South Africa
(1902), vol. II, p. 41.
12. M. Howard, The Continental Commitment (1974), p. 19.
716 / Notes to pages 259–64
13. D. G. Boyce (ed.), The Crisis of British Power: The Imperial and
Naval Papers of the Second Earl of Selborne, 1895–1910 (1990),
pp. 105–6: Selborne to Hicks Beach, 29 December 1900.
14. Boyce, Crisis, pp. 124–6: Memo by Selborne, 4 September 1901.
15. Boyce, Crisis,p.115: Selborne to Curzon, 10 April 1901.
16. G. Monger, The End of Isolation (1963), p. 64: Balfour to
Lansdowne, 12 December 1901.
17. Boyce, Crisis,p.154: Selborne to Curzon, 4 January 1903.
18. R. Williams, Defending the Empire: The Conservative Party and
British Defence Policy 1899–1915 (1991), ch. 4.
19. A. J. Marder, Fear God and Dread Nought: The Correspondence
of Admiral of the Fleet Lord Fisher of Kilverstone, 2 vols. (1956);
R. F. Mackay, Fisher of Kilverstone (Oxford, 1974).
20. Boyce, Crisis,p.190: Cabinet memo by Selborne, 6 December
1904, ‘Distribution and Mobilization of the Fleet’.
21. Marder, Fear God, vol. II, p. 59.
22. D. Gillard, The Struggle for Asia 1828–1914 (1977), p. 176.
23. For a brilliant contemporary expression, see A. Colquhoun, 1912:
Germany and Sea Power (1909).
24. N. Tracy (ed.), The Collective Naval Defence of the Empire,
1900–1940 (Navy Records Society, 1997), p. 92.
25. See D. C. Gordon, Dominion Partnership in Imperial Defence
(Baltimore, 1965).
26. See I. L. D. Forbes, ‘German Informal Imperialism in South
America before 1914’, Economic History Review, New Series, 31, 3
(1978), 396–8.
27. For a recent interpretation along these lines, see B. B. Hayes,
Bismarck and Mitteleuropa (Toronto, 1994).
28. See I. N. Lambi, The Navy and German Power Politics (Boston,
1983), pp. 426–7.
717 / Notes to pages 265–7
29. For Russian expansion in Asia, see D. Geyer, Russian
Imperialism: The Interaction of Domestic and Foreign Policy
1860–1914 (Eng. trans., Leamington, 1987), ch. 9.
30. For a brilliant study, see A. Rieber, ‘Persistent Factors in Russian
Foreign Policy’, in H. Ragsdale (ed.), Imperial Russian Foreign Policy
(Cambridge, 1993).
31. Rieber, ‘Factors’, pp. 343ff.
32. Russian attempts to prevent the Austrian annexation of Bosnia
ended in diplomatic humiliation.
33. See D. Lieven, Russia and the Origins of the First World War
(1983).
34. D. Lieven, Russia’s Rulers under the Old Regime (New Haven,
1989), p. 228.
35. Grand Admiral Von Tirpitz, My Memoirs (Eng. trans., 1919),
pp. 178–9.
36. D. A. Yerxa, Admirals and Empire: The United States Navy and
the Caribbean 1898–1945 (Columbia, SC, 1991), p. 20. This was in
February 1903.
37. See D. McCullough, The Path between the Seas: The Creation of
the Panama Canal 1870–1914 (New York, 1977).
38. See K. Bourne, Britain and the Balance of Power in North
America (1967).
39. H. and M. Sprout, Towards a New Order of Sea Power (1944),
p. 288.
40. See P. Calvert, The Mexican Revolution 1910–1914: The
Diplomacy of Anglo-American Conflict (Cambridge, 1968); F. Katz,
The Secret War in Mexico (Chicago, 1981), p. 68, for the scare of
10,000 Japanese invading the United States.
41. Yerxa, Admirals and Empire,ch.2.
42. W. Tilchin, Theodore Roosevelt and the British Empire (New
York, 1997), p. 236.
43. Ibid., p. 237.
718 / Notes to pages 267–72
44. J. A. S. Grenville, ‘Diplomacy and War Plans in the United States,
1890–1917’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 5th Series,
11 (1961), 1–21.
45. P. P. O’Brien, British and American Sea Power 1900–1936
(Westport, CT, 1998), chs. 3, 5.
46. G. P. Gooch and H. Temperley (eds.), British Documents on the
Origins of the First World War 12 vols. (1927–38), vol. III,
pp. 402–3: Memo by Eyre Crowe, 1 January 1907.
47. A. J. Marder, From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow: vol. I, The
Road to War 1904–14 (Oxford, 1961), p. 322.
48. E. W. R. Lumby (ed.), Policy and Operations in the
Mediterranean 1912–1914 (Navy Records Society, 1970), pp. 62ff.:
Committee of Imperial Defence, 117th meeting, 4 July 1912.
49. See Lumby, Mediterranean, pp. 24–30, for Churchill’s memo,
‘The Naval Situation in the Mediterranean’, 15 June 1912,and
pp. 32–3, for the Admiralty memo of 21 June 1912.
50. New Zealand National Archives, Wellington, Sir James Allen
Papers, Box 14: Nelson Evening Mail, 29 November 1912.
51. New Zealand National Archives, Sir James Allen Papers Box 14:
Speech at Vancouver, 15 May 1913.
52. Tracy, Collective Naval Defence,p.198.
53.PP1913 (30), Return of Net Income and Expenditure of British
India, 1901–1911, pp. 475–7: net military expenditure of the
Government of India, £20.6 million (1904–5), £19.1 million
(1909–10), £19.5 million (1911–12). Between £4 million and
£5 million was spent annually in Britain.
54. Gooch and Temperley, British Documents,vol.10,p.534: Grey
to Goschen (Berlin), 13 June 1913.
55. Ibid., ch. xcv.
56. See P. Lowe, Great Britain and Japan 1911–1915 (1969).
57. D. Gillard (ed.), British Documents on Foreign Affairs, Part 1,
Series B, The Near and Middle East 1856–1914 (1984), vol. 14,
719 / Notes to pages 272–7
Persia, Britain and Russia 1907–1914, pp. 358–65: Townley
(Teheran) to Grey, 21 December 1913 encl. Smart (Tabriz) to
Townley, 18 November 1913.
58. Gooch and Temperley, British Documents,vol.10,p.38:
Hardinge (Viceroy of India) to Nicolson (Foreign Office), 29 March
1911.
59. Production of crude steel, 1910 (in metric tonnes): Britain:
6,476,000; Germany: 13,100,000; United States: 26,514,000.B.R.
Mitchell, International Historical Statistics: Europe 1750–1988 (3rd
edn, 1992), p. 457; Mitchell, International Historical Statistics: The
Americas 1750–1988 (2nd edn, 1993), p. 353.
60. R. C. Michie, The City of London (1992), p. 73.
61. See R. C. O. Matthews, C. H. Feinstein and J. C. Odling-Smee,
British Economic Growth 1856–1973 (Stanford, 1982), p. 440,
Figs. 14.7, 14.8.
62. W. Woodruff, The Impact of Western Man (1966), p. 313.
63. G. Chisholm, Handbook of Commercial Geography (7th edn,
1908), pp. 610–17.
64. B. R. Mitchell, Abstract of British Historical Statistics
(Cambridge, 1971), p. 219.
65. Ibid., pp. 334–5
66. W. Schlote, British Overseas Trade from 1700 to the 1930s (Eng.
trans., Oxford, 1952), p. 126.
67. Matthews, Feinstein and Odling-Smee, British Economic Growth,
p. 433.
68. Ibid., p. 164.
69. Mitchell, Abstract,p.334.
70. Ibid., p. 50.
71. Dominion of Canada Customs Department, Report (Ottawa,
1913), p. 9.
72. Woodruff, Impact, Table VII/17.
720 / Notes to pages 277–80
73. Ibid., Table VII/14.
74. A. Sommariva and G. Tullio, German Macroeconomic History
1880–1979 (1986), p. 47.
75. V. Bulmer-Thomas, Economic History of Latin America since
Independence (Cambridge, 1994), p. 104.
76. Of France’s total in 1913, 56 per cent was in Europe, 16 per cent
in the Americas and 12 per cent in the Near East. See Rondo E.
Cameron, France and the Economic Development of Europe
1800–1914 (Princeton, 1961), p. 486.
77. M. Cowen, ‘Capital, Nation and Commodities: The Case of the
Forestal Land, Timber and Railway Company in Argentina and
Africa’, in Y. Cassis and J. J. Van Helten (eds.), Capitalism in a
Mature Economy (1990), p. 192.
78. As in the case of the Bagdadbahn. See L. Gall, G. D. Feldman,
H. James, et al., The Deutsche Bank 1870–1995 (Eng.trans., 1995),
pp. 71–2.
79. A. I. Bloomfield, Short-Term Capital Movements under the
Pre-1914 Gold Standard (Princeton, 1963), p. 46.
80. For an account of this mechanism, see J. B. Condliffe, The
Commerce of Nations (1951), p. 397; P. M. Acena, J. Reis and A. L.
Rodriguez, ‘The Gold Standard in the Periphery: An Introduction’, in
P. M. Acena and J. Reis (eds.), Monetary Standards in the Periphery:
Paper, Silver and Gold 1854–1933 (2000), pp. 1–17.
81. See chapter 4 above.
82. M. H. De Kock, Economic History of South Africa (Cape Town,
1924), pp. 242, 249.
83. African mineworkers 1902/3: 77,000; 1913: 214,000. A. Jeeves,
Migrant Labour in South Africa’s Mining Economy (Kingston and
Montreal, 1985), pp. 265–6. White mineworkers 1907: 18,600; 1913:
29,710. D. Yudelman, The Emergence of Modern South Africa: State,
Capital and Organised Labour 1902–1939 (Cape Town, 1984),
p. 132.
721 / Notes to pages 280–3
84. M. Fraser and A. Jeeves (eds.), All That Glittered: Selected
Correspondence of Lionel Philipps 1890–1924 (Cape Town, 1977),
p. 9.
85. J. Krikler, White Rising: The 1922 Insurrection and Racial Killing
in South Africa (Manchester, 2005), ch. 1.
86. Yudelman, Emergence,p.127. The Afrikaner proportion of the
white workforce rose from 17.5 per cent in 1907 to 36.2 per cent in
1913. See Yudelman, Emergence,p.132.
87. N. J. Butlin, Australian Economic Development 1861–1900
(Cambridge, 1964), p. 436.
88. E. Shann, Economic History of Australia (Cambridge, 1930),
p. 415.
89. A. R. Hall, The London Capital Market and Australia (Canberra,
1963), pp. 181–2.
90. D. B. Copland, ‘The Finance of Industry, Banking and Credit’, in
Copland (ed.), ‘An Economic Survey of Australia’, Annals of American
Academy of Political and Social Science (Philadelphia, 1931), p. 100.
91. C. G. F. Simkin, The Instability of a Dependent Economy
(Oxford, 1951), pp. 176, 41.
92. Ibid., p. 51.
93. J. B. Condliffe, New Zealand in the Making (1930), pp. 326–7;
Simkin, Instability,p.90.
94. For the gold exchange standard and its effects, see A. K. Bagchi,
The Presidency Banks and the Indian Economy, 1870–1914 (Calcutta,
1989), pp. 102ff.; B. R. Tomlinson, The Political Economy of the Raj
1914–1947 (1979), pp. 18–23. The fund in London reached £25
million by 1912, about the same size as India’s deficit with Britain.
95. D. Kumar (ed.), The Cambridge Economic History of India,
vol. II, c. 1757–1970 (Hyderabad, 1982), p. 837.
96. Ibid., vol. II, pp. 873–4; Tomlinson, Raj,p.16.
97. See C. J. Baker, A Rural Economy, 1880–1955: The Tamilnad
Countryside (Oxford, 1984), pp. 107ff.; O. Goswami, Industry, Trade
722 / Notes to pages 284–9
and Peasant Society in the Jute Economy of Eastern India (Delhi,
1991), pp. 58–9.
98. Tomlinson, Raj,p.29.
99. F. E. Hyde, Far Eastern Trade 1860–1914 (1973), pp. 120, 126,
131–2.
100. Value of Gold Coast exports of cocoa 1900:£27,280; 1913:
£2,489,218. Value of (all) Nigerian exports 1900:£2.08 million;
1913:£7.4 million. See A. MacMillan, The Red Book of West Africa:
Historical and Descriptive, Commercial and Industrial (1920),
pp. 161, 43.
101. I. R. Phimister, ‘Corners and Company-mongering: Nigerian Tin
in the City of London, 1909–1912’, Journal of Imperial and
Commonwealth History, 28, 2 (2000), 23–41.
102. See A. G. Hopkins, Economic History of West Africa (1973),
ch. 6; W. I. Ofanagoro, Trade and Imperialism in Southern Nigeria
1881–1929 (1979).
103. Despite the 60 per cent increase in government spending between
1895 and 1913, Lloyd George achieved consistent surpluses in
1910–14. See B. K. Murray, The People’s Budget (Oxford, 1980),
pp. 292–3.
104. S. J. Potter, News and the British World: The Emergence of an
Imperial Press System 1876–1922 (Oxford, 2003).
105. See J. E. Kendle, The Round Table Movement and Imperial
Union (Toronto, 1975).
106. See H. Weinroth, ‘British Radicals and the Agadir Crisis’,
European Studies Review, 3, 1 (1973), 54. For the decline of radical
opposition to naval spending, see A. J. A. Morris, Radicals Against
War 1906–1914 (1972), p. 345.
107. Bodl. Mss Robert Brand Box 185: Milner to R. H. Brand, 20
April 1908.
108. Ibid.
109. Rhodes University, Grahamstown, Cory Library, Mss Edgar
Walton 17/142: Hennessy to Walton, 14 March 1910.The
723 / Notes to pages 289–94
programme as adopted on 24 May 1910 is in the C. P. Crewe Papers,
also in the Cory Library.
110. National English Literary Museum, Grahamstown, South Africa,
Mss J. P. Fitzpatrick A/LB VIII: Fitzpatrick to Milner, 15 February
1909; Mss Fitzpatrick B/A V: Jameson to Fitzpatrick, 28 April
1910.
111. Mss Fitzpatrick A/LC IV: Fitzpatrick to Milner, 3 March 1911.
112. Mss Walton 17/142: Eastern Province Herald, 15 June 1910.
113. Mss Crewe: Walter Long to Crewe, 25 October 1912.
114. Mss Fitzpatrick B/A V: Milner to Fitzpatrick, 10 April 1911.
115. Mss Fitzpatrick A/LB VIII: Fitzpatrick to Milner, 15 February
1909.
116.PP1913 (130), Return of Indian Financial Statement and Budget
for 1913–14 and . . . Proceedings of Legislative Council,p.258 (24
March 1913).
117. D. Kimble, The Political History of Ghana 1850–1928 (Oxford,
1963), ch. 11.
118. For an excellent description, see Akintola Wyse, H. C.
Bankole-Bright (Cambridge, 1990).
119.TNA,CO446/99, Governor Bell to Colonial Office, 30 August
1911.
120.PP1919 (468), Report by Sir F. Lugard, 9 April 1919, para. 29.
121. For the 1907 constitution of the Gold Coast Aborigine Rights
Protection Society, founded 1897, see F. Madden and J. Darwin (eds.),
The Dependent Empire 1900–1948: Select Documents in the
Constitutional History of the British Empire and Commonwealth
(1994), vol. VIII, p. 614. For the views of a leading protagonist, see
J. E. Casely-Hayford, Gold Coast Native Institutions (1903).
122.TNA,CO583/80: Clifford to Milner, 3 December 1919.
123. For a recent survey, see S. Doyle, Crisis and Decline in Bunyoro
(Oxford, 2006), ch. 3.
724 / Notes to pages 294–8
124. D. A. Low, ‘Uganda: The Establishment of a Protectorate
1894–1919’, in V. T. Harlow and E. M. Chilvers (eds.), History of
East Africa (Oxford, 1965), vol. II.
125. G. H. Mungeam (ed.), Kenya: Select Historical Documents
1884–1923 (Nairobi, 1978), pp. 458–62: Colonists’ Association to
Colonial Secretary (London), 23 August 1905.
126. R. G. Gregory, India and East Africa: A History of Race
Relations within the British Empire, 1890–1939 (Oxford, 1971).
127. Mungeam, Kenya: Select Documents,p.477.
128. See A. Hourani, Islam in European Thought (Cambridge, 1990).
129. G. Bell, The Desert and the Sown (1907), p. 228.
130. R. Storrs, Orientations [1937] (definitive edn, 1943), p. 82.
131. A. T. Wilson, South West Persia; A Political Officer’s Diary
(1942), 15 September 1912.
132. Lord Cromer, Modern Egypt (1908), vol. II, pp. 170–1.
133. B. Fuller, The Empire of India (1913), pp. 170–1.
134. Quoted in Cromer, Modern Egypt, vol. II, p. 202.
135. M. Perham, Lugard: The Years of Authority 1898–1945 (1960),
p. 156.
136. A. Gailey, Ireland the Death of Kindness: The Experience of
Constructive Unionism 1895–1905 (Cork, 1987).
137. Library of Trinity College, Dublin, Mss Donoughmore K/10/21:
Donoughmore to Sir W. Hely-Hutchinson, 30 January 1906.
138. P. Bew, Conflict and Conciliation (1987), p. 19.
139. Ibid.
140. Childers, Framework,p.148.
141. Mss Donoughmore K/27/10: C. H. Clarke to Donoughmore, 27
November 1908; Bew, Conflict,p.82.
142. T. Garvin, Nationalist Revolutionaries in Ireland 1858–1928
(Oxford, 1987), p. 2.