Darwin J. The Empire Project. The Rise and Fall of the British World-System, 1830-1970
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
705 / Notes to pages 211–15
103. Sir R. Craddock to Sir J. Meston, 5 January 1913, BLIOC Mss
Eur. F 136/3.
104. C. A. Bayly, The Local Roots of Indian Politics (Oxford, 1975),
pp. 199–200.
105. For Minto’s ‘non-interference’ speech at Udaipur, 3 November
1909, see Madden and Darwin, Select Documents, vol. VI, pp. 801–2.
106. Hardinge to Crewe, 25 August 1911 (the ‘Delhi Despatch’). C.
P. Ilbert, The Government of India (3rd edn, Oxford, 1916),
Appendix III.
107.PP1908 XLIV, Report of the Royal Commission on
Decentralisation in India, vol. I, pp. 301ff. For Meston’s views, see
Report, vol. X, pp. 820–7.
108. See Delhi Despatch, Ilbert, India, Appendix III.
109. V. S. Srinivasa Sastri, Speeches and Writings (Madras, n.d.), p. 4.
110. President’s speech, Bankipore, 1912. Congress Presidential
Addresses, Second series (Madras, 1934), p. 67.
111. Ibid.
112. President’s speech, Karachi, 1913. Presidential Addresses,
p. 151.
113. Ibid., p. 152.
114. President’s speech, 1914. Presidential Addresses,p.171.
115. ‘The Two Empires’, The Times, 24 May 1911. India and the
Durbar: A Reprint of the Indian Articles in the ‘Empire Day’ Edition
of The Times (1911), pp. 2–3.
116. Speech by Lord Hardinge in the Indian Legislative Council, 17
September 1913. Speeches of Lord Hardinge of Penshurst 1913–1916
(Madras, n.d.), p. 16.
117. Ibid., pp. 20–1.
118. Presidential Addresses, pp. 58–9.
119. Motilal Nehru, evidence to Royal Commission on Public Services
in India, Lucknow, 4 April 1913. Selected Works,vol.I,p.256.
706 / Notes to pages 215–22
120. Ibid., p. 258.
121. See J. Zavos, The Emergence of Hindu Nationalism in India
(New Delhi, 2000), chs. 3, 4.
122. ‘Muhammadans are drifting . . . into the arena of political
warfare’, said Fazl Huq in April 1913. Broomfield, Mostly about
Bengal,p.93.
123. J. Pouchepadass, Champaran and Gandhi (New Delhi, 1999),
ch. 6.
124. Report of Calcutta University Commission,vol.I,p.27.
125. For the rising ambitions of ‘rural-local bosses’, see D. A.
Washbrook, The Emergence of Provincial Politics (Cambridge, 1976),
pp. 82ff.
Chapter 6
1. For a general account, see P. J. Van der Merwe, Die Trekboer in
die Geskiedenis van die Kaap, trans. R. Beck (Ohio, 1995). An
outstanding recent study is N. Penn, The Forgotten Frontier (Cape
Town, 2005). The most brilliant introduction to South African history
remains C. W. De Kiewiet, History of South Africa: Social and
Economic (1941).
2. J. S. Marais, Maynier and the First Boer Republic (Cape Town,
1944), pp. 78–9.
3. See C. Hamilton (ed.), The Mfecane Aftermath (Johannesburg,
1995); J. Laband, Rope of Sand (Johannesburg, 1995), pp. 13–15;
N. Etherington, The Great Treks (2001).
4. M. Legassick, ‘The Northern Frontier to 1840’, in R. Elphick and
H. Giliomee (eds.), The Shaping of South African Society 1652–1840
(2nd edn, 1989), pp. 390–6.
5. Sir P. Maitland to Lord Stanley, 1 August 1845,G.M.Theal(ed.),
Basutoland Records [1883] (repr. Cape Town, 1964), vol. I, pp.
93–100.
6. Sir H. Smith to Earl Grey, 3 February 1848, ibid., vol. I, p. 165.
707 / Notes to pages 222–6
7. Minute by Earl Grey, June 1848, K. N. Bell and W. B. Morrell
(eds.), Select Documents on British Colonial Policy 1830–1860
(Oxford, 1928), pp. 510–11.
8. For the conflict between the British and the Xhosa, see J. T. Peires,
The Dead Shall Arise: Nonqawuse and the Great Xhosa Cattle-Killing
Movement of 1856–7 (1989); C. Bundy, The Rise and Fall of the
South African Peasantry (2nd edn, 1988), ch. 2; J. Rutherford, Sir
George Grey 1812–1898: A Study in Colonial Government (1961),
chs. 20–9.
9. S. Trapido, ‘Reflections on Land, Office and Wealth in the South
African Republic, 1850–1900’, in S. Marks and A. Atmore (eds.),
Economy and Society in Pre-industrial South Africa (1980),
pp. 350–9.
10. The Transvaal was barely a state before 1880: see J. A. I.
Agar-Hamilton, The Native Policy of the Voortrekkers (Cape Town,
1928), p. 205.
11. C. J. Uys, In the Era of Shepstone (Lovedale, 1933), p. 77;C.W.
De Kiewiet, The Imperial Factor in South Africa (1937), p. 29.
12. J. Benyon, Proconsul and Paramountcy in South Africa
1806–1910 (Pietermaritzburg, 1980), pp. 144–5.
13. Uys, Shepstone,chs.11, 12.
14. P. Delius, The Land Belongs to Us (Johannesburg, 1983),
pp. 244–5.
15. D. M. Schreuder, Gladstone and Kruger (1969), pp. 164–5.
16. For the absorption of the Xhosa lands into Cape Colony, see C.
C. Saunders and R. Derricourt, Beyond the Cape Frontier (1974).
17. For the Convention’s terms, see Schreuder, Gladstone and Kruger,
Appendix I.
18. Ibid., p. 323.
19. Ibid., ch. 6.
20. Ibid., p. 422.
708 / Notes to pages 227–32
21. M. H. De Kock, Economic History of South Africa (Cape Town,
1924), pp. 242, 392, 398.
22. For Rhodes’ career, see R. Rotberg, The Founder: Cecil Rhodes
and the Pursuit of Power (Oxford, 1989).
23. H. Giliomee, ‘The Beginnings of Afrikaner Nationalism
1870–1915’, South African Historical Journal, 19 (1987); T. R. M.
Davenport, The Afrikaner Bond 1880–1911 (1966).
24. For Rhodes’ sometimes fraught relations with Nathan Rothschild,
his main backer in London, see N. Ferguson, The World’s Banker:
The History of the House of Rothschild (1998), pp. 881–94.
25. See C. W. Newbury, The Diamond Ring (Oxford, 1989).
26. J. S. Galbraith, Crown and Charter: The Early History of the
British South Africa Company (Berkeley, 1974), chs. 2, 3, 4.
27. W. D. Mackenzie, John Mackenzie: South African Missionary and
Statesman (1902), pp. 432–5.
28. Ibid., p. 433.
29. ‘As a purely Cape politician’, Milner remarked of Rhodes in
1889, ‘he was (is perhaps) Africander. As the author of enterprises
that look far beyond the Cape and the Transvaal and reach to the
Zambesi, and beyond the Zambesi, he must know (he is much too
shrewd not to know) that without Imperial backing he is lost.’
Mackenzie, John Mackenzie, pp. 433–4.
30. See M. Tamarkin, Cecil Rhodes and the Cape Afrikaners (1996).
31. See I. R. Phimister, ‘Rhodes, Rhodesia and the Rand’, Journal of
Southern African Studies, 1,1 (1974), 74–90.
32. For Fitzpatrick’s insistence on this as Rhodes’ motive, see
Fitzpatrick to his wife, 10 January 1896, A. H. Duminy and W. R.
Guest (eds.), Fitzpatrick, South African Politician: Selected Papers
(Johannesburg, 1976), pp. 29ff.; National English Literary Museum,
Grahamstown, South Africa, Mss Percy Fitzpatrick A/L I: same to
same, 7 January 1896.
33. See J. Butler, The Liberal Party and the Jameson Raid (Oxford,
1968), pp. 41, 275.
709 / Notes to pages 232–6
34. For a recent scholarly collection on the Raid, see the contributions
of G. Cuthbertson and others in The Jameson Raid: A Centennial
Retrospect (Johannesburg, 1996).
35. Selborne’s memo, 26 March 1896, enclosed in Selborne to
Salisbury, 30 March 1896.D.G.Boyce(ed.),The Crisis of British
Power: The Imperial and Naval Papers of the Second Earl of
Selborne, 1895–1910 (1990), pp. 34–7.
36. A. Milner, England and Egypt (1892).
37. Milner to Selborne, 16 July 1897, Boyce (ed.), Crisis,p.51.
38. Conyngham Greene to Selborne, 18 June 1897, Boyce (ed.),
Crisis, pp. 52–3.
39. Bodl. Milner Mss 220: Milner to Goschen, 28 September 1897.
40. J. Chamberlain to Milner, 5 July 1897, C. Headlam (ed.), The
Milner Papers: South Africa 1897–1899 (1931), pp. 71–2.
41. Milner to Selborne, 2 June 1897, Headlam, Milner Papers
1897–1899, pp. 105–6.
42. Ibid., p. 107.
43. Milner to Clinton Dawkins, 25 August 1897, Headlam, Milner
Papers 1897–1899,p.87.
44. Ibid.
45. Milner to Asquith, 18 November 1897, Headlam, Milner Papers
1897–1899, pp. 177–80.
46. Mss Fitzpatrick B/A I: J. D. Forster to Percy Fitzpatrick, 8
October 1897.
47. P. Lewsen (ed.), Select Correspondence of John X. Merriman,
1890–1898 (Van Riebeek Society, 1963), p. 302.
48. J. X. Merriman to James Rose Innes, 26 January 1898, Lewsen,
Merriman 1890–1898,p.291.
49. Rhodes to Milner n.d. but March 1898, Headlam, Milner Papers
1897–1899,p.154.
50. Mss Milner 219: Milner to J. Chamberlain, 22 March 1898.
710 / Notes to pages 236–40
51. Milner to Rhodes, 7 March 1898, Headlam, Milner Papers
1897–1899, pp. 152–4.
52. Rhodes House Library, Mss Rhodes C4: Grey to Rhodes, 11 June
1898.
53. Milner Mss 205: C. Greene to Milner, 27 May 1898.
54. Mss Rhodes C4: Wilson Fox to Rhodes, 1 July 1898.
55. Rotberg, The Founder, pp. 610–11.
56. Ibid., pp. 615–16; L. Michell, The Life of Cecil Rhodes (1910),
vol. II, p. 244.
57. For Rhodes’ campaign in 1898–9, see James Rose-Innes to James
Bryce, 25 July 1899, in H. M. Wright (ed.), Sir James Rose-Innes:
Select Correspondence (1884–1902) (Van Riebeek Society, 1972),
pp. 257ff.
58. J. P. Fitzpatrick, The Transvaal from Within (1899), pp. 267ff.
59. I. R. Smith, The Origins of the South African War 1899–1902
(1996), p. 243.
60. Originally a telegram, Milner to Chamberlain, 4 May 1899.See
Headlam, Milner Papers 1897–1899, pp. 349–53.
61. See A. Thompson, ‘Imperial Propaganda during the South African
War’, in G. Cuthbertson, A. Grundlingh and M.-L. Suttie (eds.),
Writing a Wider War: Gender, Race and Identity in the South African
War 1899–1902 (Athens, OH, 2002), pp. 303–27.
62. The Times, 2 May 1899.
63. Selborne to Milner, 25 June 1899, Boyce (ed.), Crisis,p.83.
64. Mss Milner 220: Milner to Selborne 12 July 1899.
65. Selborne to Chamberlain, 3 July 1899, Boyce (ed.), Crisis,p.88.
66. A.N.Porter,The Origins of the South African War: Joseph
Chamberlain and the Diplomacy of Imperialism (Manchester, 1980),
pp. 243–5.
67. W. K. Hancock and J. Van Der Poel (eds.), Selections from the
Smuts Papers (Cambridge, 1966), vol. I, p. 82.
711 / Notes to pages 240–4
68. For Smuts’ account, dated 14 September 1899 of his discussions
with Conyngham Green, the British Agent in Pretoria, see Smuts
Papers, vol. I, pp. 283–99; see also Smuts to J. H. Hofmeyr, 22 August
1899, ibid., p. 301.
69. For this critical stage, see Smith, Origins, pp. 350–4. Once he
grasped the meaning of Smuts’ conditions, Chamberlain insisted in his
Birmingham speech of 26 August 1899 that the question of who was
the paramount power had to be settled. See The Times, 28 August
1899.
70. S. Marks and S. Trapido, ‘Lord Milner and the South African
State’, History Workshop, 8 (1979), 50–80.
71. P. Harries, ‘Capital, State and Labour on the 19th Century
Witwatersrand: A Reassessment’, South African Historical Journal, 18
(1986), 25–45; R. Mendelsohn, Sammy Marks: The ‘Uncrowned King
of the Transvaal’ (Cape Town, 1991).
72. R. Robinson and J. Gallagher, Africa and the Victorians (1961),
ch. 14.
73. For a deft portrait of Uitlander society and its divisions, see D.
Cammack, The Rand at War: The Witwatersrand and the Anglo-Boer
War 1899–1902 (1990); E. Katz, The White Death: Silicosis and the
Witwatersrand Gold Miners 1886–1910 (Johannesburg, 1994),
pp. 76–90.
74. Cammack, The Rand at War, pp. 10–15, 29–30.
75. See T. Gutsche, Old Gold: The History of the Wanderers Club
(Cape Town, 1966), chs. 6, 7.
76. T. R. Adlam, ‘Sunrise and Advancing Morn’, in M. Fraser (ed.),
Johannesburg Pioneer Journals 1888–1909 (Van Riebeek Society,
1985), p. 85. The passage is in a letter from Adlam’s father to his
mother dated 13 June 1899.
77. Privately circulated from June, but not published until September.
78. J. S. Marais, The Downfall of Kruger’s Republic (Oxford, 1961),
p. 233.
712 / Notes to pages 244–7
79. See F. C. Mackarness to J. X. Merriman, 10 March 1899,in
P. Lewsen (ed.), Selections from the Correspondence of John X.
Merriman (Van Riebeek Society, 1966), pp. 19–20.
80. J. G. Lockhart and C. M. Woodhouse, Rhodes (1963), pp. 424ff.
81. Fitzpatrick to J. Wernher, 24 April 1899, Duminy and Guest
(eds.), Fitzpatrick Papers,p.208.
82. Fitzpatrick’s speech, 13 March 1899, Fitzpatrick Papers,
pp. 197–8.
83. Memo by J. C. Smuts, 4 September 1899, Smuts Papers,vol.I,
pp. 313–29.
84. ‘You know as well as I do’, wrote Smuts at the end of the war,
‘that this has been a civil war.’ Smuts to T. L. Graham, 26 July 1902,
Smuts Papers (Cambridge, 1966), vol. II, p. 115.
85. Royal Commission on the War in South Africa, Report, Cd. 1789
(1903), para. 152.
86. Bodl. Mss Selborne 12: Confidential report by Major E. Leggett,
n.d. but July 1905.
87. See J. Krikler, Revolution from Above, Revolution from Below:
The Agrarian Transvaal at the Turn of the Century (Oxford, 1993).
88. For a notorious case, see W. Nasson, Abraham Esau’s War: A
Black South African War in the Cape, 1899–1902 (Cambridge, 1991).
For Milner’s reports on atrocities, see Headlam (ed.), Milner Papers
1899–1905, pp. 233–4. See also Cd. 821 (1901), Correspondence
relative to the Treatment of Natives by the Boers.
89. For Kitchener’s terms, see Mss Milner 235: Kitchener to Botha, 7
March 1901, enclosed in Milner to J. Chamberlain, 7 March 1901.
The negotiations were published as Cd. 663 (1901), Further Papers
relating to Negotiations between Commandant Louis Botha and Lord
Kitchener.
90. For a recent assessment, see L. Scholtz, Why the Boers Lost the
War (Basingstoke, 2005).
713 / Notes to pages 248–50
91. The detailed drafting of the terms is described in Headlam (ed.),
Milner Papers 1899–1905, ch. IX. The crucial concession on the
franchise had been made at Middelburg.
92. Ibid., p. 410.
93. Mss Selborne 12: Milner to Selborne, 14 April 1905.
94. Mss Rhodes C 27: Milner to Rhodes, 30 January 1902.
95. See M. Fraser and A. Jeeves, All That Glittered: Selected
Correspondence of Lionel Phillips 1890–1924 (Cape Town, 1977),
p. 115.
96. See J. Darwin, ‘The Rhodes Trust in the Age of Empire’, in A.
Kenny (ed.), The Rhodes Trust (Oxford, 2002).
97. Mss Rhodes C 27: Milner to Rhodes, 30 January 1902.
98. Milner to J. Chamberlain, 6 February 1901, Headlam, Milner
Papers 1899–1905,p.201.
99. Milner hoped that, in five years’ time, the British would enjoy a
narrow majority among the 1.2 million whites. Headlam, Milner
Papers 1899–1905,p.280. In fact, the 1911 census showed that
Dutch Reformed Church communicants (a good proxy for Afrikaners)
formed over 54 per cent of the white population. See L. M.
Thompson, The Unification of South Africa (Oxford, 1960), p. 488.
100. Milner to Sir Charles Crewe, 27 April 1904, Headlam, Milner
Papers 1899–1905, pp. 508–9. Crewe was the leading loyalist
politician in the Eastern Cape.
101. For this ambition, see Cory Library, Rhodes University,
Grahamstown, Mss Edgar Walton 17/142, Crewe to Edgar Walton,
29 April 1904. Walton (like Crewe a newspaper proprietor) was the
leading political figure of Port Elizabeth.
102. Headlam, Milner Papers 1899–1902,p.322.
103. Mss Edgar Walton 17/142: Milner to Walton, 8 April 1903.
104. Mss Edgar Walton 17/142: Crewe to Walton, 29 April 1902;
Milner to Walton, 5 May 1902.
105. Mss Edgar Walton 17/142: O. Lewis to Walton, 6 May 1902.
714 / Notes to pages 250–3
106. Fraser and Jeeves (eds.), All That Glittered,p.123.
107. Milner to Lyttelton, 2 May 1904, Headlam, Milner Papers
1899–1905,p.523. Lyttelton was Colonial Secretary succeeding
Chamberlain.
108. For the labour question, see D. Yudelman, The Emergence of
Modern South Africa: State, Capital and the Incorporation of
Organised Labour on the South African Gold Fields, 1902–1939
(Cape Town, 1984), ch. 2.
109. For Natal, see David Torrance, The Strange Death of the Liberal
Empire (1996), p. 145. Thompson, Unification, remains the
authoritative account of white politics after 1902.
110. Mss Fitzpatrick A/LB IV: Fitzpatrick to G. Cox, 3 May 1904.
111. Smuts to J. X. Merriman, 30 August 1906, Smuts Papers,vol.II,
p. 298.
112. Fraser and Jeeves (eds.), All That Glittered,p.145; Yudelman,
Emergence, pp. 62, 65.
113. Mss Fitzpatrick A/LB I: Fitzpatrick to Julius Wernher, 5 June
1902.
114. See, for example, Smuts to J. X. Merriman, 13 March, 30
August, 23 December 1906, Smuts Papers, vol. II, pp. 242–3, 298,
309.
115. Mss Selborne 71: Selborne to Lionel Curtis, 11 November 1907.
116. Mss Selborne 9: Selborne to J. Chamberlain, 24 February 1908.
117. Mss Selborne 71: Selborne to Walter Long, 21 December 1907;
to E. Pretyman, 13 January 1909.
118. For Selborne’s ideas, see Torrance, Strange Death, pp. 180–92.
119. Mss Selborne 5: Selborne to (fourth) Marquess of Salisbury, 18
May 1907.
120. Mss Selborne 6: same to same, 22 August 1908; Fraser and
Jeeves (eds.), All That Glittered,p.172.
121. Torrance, Strange Death, pp. 155ff.