Darwin J. The Empire Project. The Rise and Fall of the British World-System, 1830-1970
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
735 / Notes to pages 367–71
Geographer and the Prelude to Globalization (Berkeley and Los
Angeles, 2003).
15. Sprout and Sprout, Sea Power,p.106.
16. Fry, Illusions, pp. 41–4.
17. Ibid., pp. 50–61.
18.On11 December 1919. Sprout and Sprout, Sea Power,p.112.
19. See W. R. Louis, British Strategy in the Far East 1918–1939
(Oxford, 1971), pp. 19–39; Memo by Sir B. Alston, 1 August 1920,
in R. Butler, J. P. T. Bury and M. E. Lambert (eds.), Documents on
British Foreign Policy, 1st series, vol. XIV (1966), pp. 83–5.
20. M. A. Barnhart, Japan and the World since 1868 (1995),
pp. 67–79.
21. Winston Churchill to Baldwin, 15 December 1924, in M. Gilbert
(ed.), Winston S. Churchill Companion, vol. V, Part 1, The Exchequer
Years 1922–1939 (1979), p. 305.
22. See H. R. C. Greaves, The League Committees and World Order
(1931).
23. For this consensus, see R. S. Sayers, The Bank of England
1891–1944 (Cambridge, 1976), vol. I, p. 111.
24. D. Kynaston, The City of London, 5 vols. (1994–2001), vol. III,
Illusions of Gold 1914–1945,p.115.
25. W. Schlote, British Overseas Trade from 1700 to the 1930s
(Oxford, 1952), p. 151. All in 1913 prices.
26. Ibid., 1939 = 100.
27. See Mitchell, Abstract, pp. 334–5.
28. D. Hope, A New History of British Shipping (1990), p. 366.
29. Ibid., p. 368.
30. Ibid., p. 358.
31. For the Peninsular and Oriental Group, see S. Jones, Trade and
Shipping: Lord Inchcape 1852–1932 (Manchester, 1989). For the fate
736 / Notes to pages 372–5
of Harrison’s, a Liverpool based line, see F. E. Hyde, Shipping
Enterprise and Management 1830–1939: Harrison’s of Liverpool
(Liverpool, 1967).
32. See I. M. Drummond, Imperial Economic Policy 1917–1939
(1974), pp. 26–7, 423, 429.
33. Hansard, 168 HC Deb., 5s, col. 482, 15 November 1923;fora
recent discussion, see P. Williamson, Stanley Baldwin (Cambridge,
1999), p. 28.
34. J. M. Atkin, British Overseas Investment 1918–1931 (New York,
1977), pp. 27–49.
35. Ibid., p. 53.
36. Ibid., p. 321.
37. I. Stone, The Global Export of British Capital, 1865–1914
(1999), p. 411. The figure was £349 million.
38. R. Gravil, ‘Anglo-American Trade Rivalry’, in D. Rock (ed.),
Argentina in the Twentieth Century (1975), p. 56.
39. A. Velasco (ed.), Trade, Development and the World Economy:
Selected Essays of Carlos Diaz-Alejandro (Oxford, 1988), p. 238.
40. Robertson (British ambassador) to Craigie, 10 May 1929,R.
Gravil, The Anglo-Argentine Connection 1900–1939 (1985), p. 162.
41. E.K.S.Fung,The Diplomacy of Imperial Retreat (Hong Kong,
1991), pp. 37–54.
42. For a harsh contemporary view, see A. Loveday, Britain and
World Trade (1931), p. 163.
43. A. Marrison, British Business and Protection (Oxford, 1996),
p. 433.
44. J. Atkin, Investment, pp. 13–16.
45. See the jeremiad in G. Peel, The Economic Impact of America
(1928), pp. 192–5.
46. Atkin, Investment,p.311. They were estimated (by The
Economist)at£100 million, compared with £836 million in 1913, not
allowing for the 40 per cent fall in real value.
737 / Notes to pages 378–82
47. Eastern Committee, 42nd minutes, 9 December 1918,inJ.
Darwin, Britain, Egypt and the Middle East: Imperial Policy in the
Aftermath of War (1981), p. 160.
48. For his views on Kurdistan, see Darwin, Middle East,p.195.
49. See R. Pipes, The Formation of the Soviet Union: Communism
and Nationalism 1917–1923 (rev. edn, Cambridge, MA, 1964); R.
Ullman, Britain and the Russian Civil War (1968).
50. For the origins of the Arab nationalist movement, see G.
Antonius, The Arab Awakening (1938); A. Hourani, Arabic Thought
in the Liberal Age 1798–1939 (1962); P. S. Khoury, ‘Continuity and
Change in Syrian Political Life: The Nineteenth and Twentieth
Centuries’, American Historical Review, 96, 5 (1991), 1374–95
51. See resolutions of the General Syrian Congress, 2 July 1919,
printed in Antonius, Awakening, pp. 440ff.
52. See Butrus Abu-Manneh, ‘The Rise of the Sanjak of Jerusalem in
the Late Nineteenth Century’, in I. Papp
´
e (ed.), The Israel–Palestine
Question (1999), pp. 46–8.
53. For the Baghdad notables under Ottoman rule, see A. Hourani,
‘Ottoman Reform and the Politics of Notables’, in A. Hourani, P. S.
Khoury and M. Wilson (eds.), The Modern Middle East (1993),
pp. 83–109.
54. B. L. Add. Mss 52455, A. T. Wilson Papers: Civil Commissioner
to Secretary of State for India, 29 July 1920.
55. Wilson Papers, 52459B: Wilson’s draft reply to War Office,
3 September 1920.
56. Darwin, Middle East, pp. 66–79.
57. For the recruitment of traditional religious elites into a form of
‘Kemalo-Islamism’, see M. E. Meeker, A Nation of Empire: The
Ottoman Legacy of Turkish Modernity (Berkeley and Los Angeles,
2002), p. 81.
58. For an account of the negotiations, see Darwin, Middle East,
chs. 4, 5.
738 / Notes to pages 384–91
59. Curzon Papers, F 112/294: Note by Middle East Department,
CO, 7 December 1922.
60. Bulent Gokay, A Clash of Empires: Turkey between Russian
Bolshevism and British Imperialism (1997), pp. 155ff.
61. Although its existence was strongly suspected, no oil was found in
Iraq until 1927.In1920, Middle East oil made up 1 per cent of world
production.
62. For a review of Anglo-Persian relations, see Harold Nicolson to
Austen Chamberlain, 30 September 1926, Documents on British
Foreign Policy, Series 1A, vol. II, pp. 812–20.
63. Bodl. Milner Mss 164: Memo by Lord Milner, n.d.
64. Curzon Papers F 112/208: Curzon to Milner, 3 January 1920.
65. The Seven Pillars of Wisdom was published for general circulation
in 1935.
66. The title of the classic study by Elizabeth Monroe (1963).
67. Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi,vol.XVII,p.371: Gandhi
to Home-Rule League, Navajivan, 2 May 1920.
68. R. Gordon, ‘Non-cooperation and Council-Entry, 1919–1920’,
Modern Asian Studies, 7, 3 (1973), 458.
69. D. Page, Prelude to Partition: The Indian Muslims and the
Imperial System of Control 1920–1932 (Oxford, 1982), p. 33.
70. Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi, vol. XVIII, p. 253: Speech
at Calcutta Congress, 8 September 1920.
71. Ibid., p. 350: Speech at Lucknow, 15 October 1920.
72. Ibid., vol. XVIII, p. 270: ‘Swaraj in One Year’, Young India, 22
September 1920.
73. BLIOC, Sir F. Whyte Diaries, Mss Eur. D 761/VI, p. 24, 16 June
1923.
74. Reforms Inquiry Committee, 1924: Views of Local Governments,
Cmd. 2361 (1925), p. 143: evidence of United Provinces Government.
739 / Notes to pages 391–7
75. R. Hunt and J. Harrison, The District Officer in India 1930–1947
(1980), ch. 3.
76. See Report of the Reforms Inquiry Committee, 1924, Cmd. 2360
(1925), p. 102.
77. See Report of Committee Appointed to Enquire into the
Administration and Organisation of the Army in India, Cmd. 943
(1920).
78. R. Kumar and H. D. Sharma (eds.), Selected Works of Motilal
Nehru (New Delhi, 1986), vol. IV, p. 110:M.NehrutoM.R.
Jayakar, 21 March 1925.
79. Page, Prelude,p.127.
80. For the speech of C. R. Das at the 1924 Congress, see Report of
the 39th Congress at Belgaum, December 1924, pp. 36–7.
81. Page, Prelude,p.134.
82. Formally six, since Newfoundland enjoyed dominion status until
its bankruptcy in 1933.
83. For the best study of King’s policy, see P. Wigley, Canada and the
Transition to Commonwealth: British-Canadian Relations 1917–1926
(Cambridge, 1977).
84. D. Greasley and L. Oxley, ‘A Tale of Two Dominions: The
Macro-economic Record of Australia and Canada since 1870’,
Economic History Review, New Series, 51, 2 (1998), p. 305.
85. Queen’s University, Kingston, Douglas Library, Charles G. Power
Papers, Box 6: C. G. Power to E. Lapointe, 19 November 1925.Fora
similar view from a very different political quarter, see University of
Manitoba, Elizabeth Dafoe Library, J. W. Dafoe Papers, Box 9:
Clifford Sifton to J. W. Dafoe, 17 February 1921.
86. For King’s early career, see H. S. Ferns and B. Ostry, The Age of
Mackenzie King: The Rise of the Leader (1955).
87. See J. Macfarlane, Ernest Lapointe and Quebec’s Influence in
Foreign Policy (Toronto, 1999), pp. 11–12.
88. Dafoe Papers, Box 12: King to Clifford Sifton (proprietor of the
Manitoba Free Press), 17 August 1923; Sifton to Dafoe, August 1923.
740 / Notes to pages 397–401
89. For King’s unease at the 1923 Imperial Conference, see J. W.
Dafoe’s diary for September and October 1923, Dafoe Papers Box 1.
90. Dafoe Papers Box 11: D. B. McRae to Dafoe, 4 November 1926.
91. See S. Trofimenkoff, Action franc¸aise: French-Canadian
Nationalism in the Twenties (Toronto, 1975); L. Groulx, Mes
m
´
emoires, 4 vols. (Montreal, 1971).
92. Dafoe Papers Box 4: Dafoe to Clifford Sifton, 29 January 1923.
93. Dafoe Papers Box 6: Bourassa to Dafoe, 26 April 1928.
94. National Archives of Canada, Arthur Meighen Papers (microfilm)
C-3439: L. Christie to Meighen, 17 February 1926. Meighen told
Christie, ‘On matters of external affairs I value your judgment more
than that of anyone I know.’ Meighen to Christie, 13 January 1926,in
ibid.
95. S. Macintyre, Oxford History of Australia: vol. IV, The
Succeeding Age (Oxford, 1986), pp. 227–8. Labour did better in the
states.
96. S. Alomes, A Nation at Last: The Changing Character of
Australian Nationalism 1880–1988 (North Ryde, NSW, 1988),
pp. 66–70.
97. See P. Spartalis, The Diplomatic Battles of Billy Hughes (Sydney,
1983), ch. 6.
98. Ibid., p. 246.
99. Ibid.
100. House of Representatives, 30 September 1921. F. K. Crowley,
Documents in Australian History (1973), pp. 349–51.
101. To parliament in June 1924. N. Meaney (ed.), Australia and the
World (Melbourne, 1983), p. 347.
102. See his article ‘The Status of the Australian States’, The
Australian Geographer 1,1 (1928), 28.
103. A stimulating discussion of these themes can be found in K.
Tsokhas, Making a Nation State: Cultural Identity, Economic
741 / Notes to pages 401–5
Nationalism and Sexuality in Australian History (Melbourne, 2001),
chs. 7, 8.
104. House of Representatives, 10 September 1919. Crowley,
Documents,vol.I,p.324.
105. House of Representatives, 3 August 1926. Meaney, Australia
and the World, pp. 356–7.
106. Macintyre, Succeeding Age,p.229.
107. D. Day, John Curtin: a Life (Sydney, 1999), p. 295.
108. Bruce in the Australian Parliament, 27 June 1924. Meaney,
Australia and the World,p.348.
109. See Isobel Hofmeyr, ‘Building a Nation from Words: Afrikaans
Language, Literature and Ethnicity 1902–1924’, in S. Marks and S.
Trapido (eds.), The Politics of Race, Class and Nationalism in
Twentieth-Century South Africa (1987), pp. 95–123.
110. M. H. De Kock, The Economic History of South Africa (Cape
Town, 1924), p. 455.
111. Ibid., pp. 132–3: the value of agricultural production fell from
£111 million in 1919–20 to £65.7 million in 1921–2.
112. Ibid., pp. 253–4.
113. Rhodes University, Grahamstown, Cory Library, Sir Edgar
Walton Papers 17/142: Sir T. Smartt to Sir E. Walton, 17 March
1922. The reference was to the Rand rising of 1914 and the Boer
rebellion of 1914–15.
114. J. Van Der Poel (ed.), Selections from the Smuts Papers,vol.V,
pp. 96–7.
115. See Smuts to Bonar Law, 20 November 1922, Smuts Papers,
vol. V, pp. 147–8. Bonar Law had just become prime minister.
116. Smuts to Alice Clark, 9 April 1920, Smuts Papers,vol.V,
p. 39.
117. Smuts to L. S. Amery, 25 November 1924, Smuts Papers,vol.V,
pp. 238–9.
742 / Notes to pages 405–9
118. National English Literary Museum, Grahamstown, Percy
Fitzpatrick Papers B/A IX: Smuts to P. Fitzpatrick, 15 February 1921.
Fitzpatrick was a leading ex-Unionist.
119. The National party won 63 seats, the South African Party 53
and Labour 18 in a house of 135.
120. Fitzpatrick Papers A/LC IV: Fitzpatrick to Milner, 30 June 1924.
121. Fitzpatrick Papers A/LC I: Fitzpatrick to Amery, 30 June 1924.
122. University of Cape Town, Jagger Library, Patrick Duncan
Papers, D.5.18.6: Duncan to Lady Selborne, 22 October 1924.
123. University of Stellenbosch Library, D. F. Malan Papers, 1/1/692:
Hertzog to Malan, 21 November 1923.
124. For Balfour’s role at the conference, see D. Judd, Balfour and the
British Empire (1968), ch. 20.
125. C. M. Van Den Heever, General J. B. M. Hertzog (Eng. trans.,
Johannesburg, 1946), p. 213.
126. Balfour to Esher, 24 November 1926, Judd, Balfour,p.337.
127. Wigley, Canada and the Transition to Commonwealth,p.275.
128. See P. Canning, British Policy towards Ireland 1921–1941
(Oxford, 1985).
129. See Tom Garvin, 1922: The Birth of Irish Democracy (Dublin,
1996), chs. 2, 4. Garvin emphasises the abuse of local power by the
IRA units.
130. F. Costello, The Irish Revolution and its Aftermath 1916–1923
(Dublin, 2003), pp. 312–13.
131. For the significance of this claim for popular sovereignty, see L.
Kohn, The Constitution of the Irish Free State (1934), p. 113–14.
132. Canning, British Policy, pp. 91–2.
133. See Mary E. Daly, Industrial Development and Irish National
Identity 1922–39 (Syracuse, 1992), ch. 2.
134. G. Keown, ‘Taking the World Stage: Creating an Irish Foreign
Policy in the 1920s’, in M. Kennedy and J. M. Skelly (eds.), Irish
Foreign Policy 1919–1966 (Dublin, 2000), pp. 25–43;D.Keogh,The
743 / Notes to pages 409–16
Vatican, the Bishops and Irish Politics 1919–39 (Cambridge, 1986);
D. Lowry, ‘New Ireland, Old Empire and the Outside World
1922–1949: The Strange Evolution of a “Dictionary republic” ’ in M.
Cronin and J. M. Regan (eds.), Ireland: The Politics of Independence
1922–49 (2000), pp. 164–216.
135. See D. O’Corrain (ed.), James Hogan: Revolutionary, Historian
and Political Scientist (Dublin, 2001).
136. See John M. Regan, The Irish Counter-Revolution 1921–36
(Dublin, 1999), ch. 11.
137. J. Campbell, F. E. Smith, First Earl of Birkenhead (1983), p. 793.
138. The classic account is M. Cowling, The Impact of Labour
(Cambridge, 1970).
139. R. Skidelsky, J. M. Keynes, vol. II, The Economist as Saviour
(1992), p. 133.
140. Skidelsky, Keynes, vol. II, p. 131; R. McKibbin, Classes and
Cultures: England 1918–1951(Oxford, 1998), p. 115.
141. McKibbin, Classes and Cultures,p.115.
142. P. Cain, Hobson and Imperialism: Radicalism, the New
Liberalism and Finance, 1887–1938 (Oxford, 2002), p. 199.
143. See F. Lee, Fabianism and Colonialism: The Life and Political
Thought of Lord Sydney Olivier (1988).
144. Lee, Fabianism and Colonialism,ch.5.
145. Lord Lugard, The Dual Mandate in Tropical Africa (1922).
146. J. Darwin, ‘The Chanak Crisis and the British Cabinet’, History,
65, 113 (1980), 32–48.
147. In a letter published in The Times and the Daily Express, 7
October 1922. See R. Blake, The Unknown Prime Minister: The Life
and Times of Andrew Bonar Law 1858–1923 (1955), p. 448.
148. For a magisterial study of MacDonald’s career, see D.
Marquand, Ramsay MacDonald (1977).
149. McKibbin, Classes and Cultures,p.521.
744 / Notes to pages 418–24
Chapter 10
1. See A. Zimmern, The Third British Empire (Oxford, 1926).
2. See S. Constantine, ‘Migrants and Settlers’, in J. M. Brown and
W. R. Louis (eds.), Oxford History of the British Empire,vol.IV,
The Twentieth Century (Oxford, 1999), p. 165, Table 7.2.
3. Churchill College Archives, Lord Lloyd of Dolobran Mss, GLLD
17/15: Speech at Central Council of National Union, 4 December
1934, Press Cutting.
4. H. Kantorowicz, The Spirit of British Policy (1931), p. 507.The
main aim of the book had been to demolish the ‘myth of German
encirclement’ by a machiavellian British diplomacy.
5. Siegfried, England’s Crisis,p.231.
6. Memo by R. Craigie, 12 November 1928, quoted in B. L.
McKercher, The Second Baldwin Government and the United States,
1924–1929 (Cambridge, 1984), p. 174.
7. See D. A. Yerxa, Admirals and Empire: The United States Navy
and the Caribbean 1898–1945 (Columbia, SC, 1991), p. 95.
8. See McKercher, Baldwin Government,chs.7, 8; O. Babij, ‘The
Second Labour Government and British Maritime Security’,
Diplomacy and Statecraft, 6, 3 (1995), 645–71; D. Marquand,
Ramsay MacDonald (1977), pp. 504–14.
9. C. Tsuzuki, The Pursuit of Power in Modern Japan 1825–1995
(Oxford, 2000), chs. 11, 12, 13, for a recent analysis.
10. For a contemporary account, see I. Bowman, ‘A Modern Invasion:
Mongolia and Manchuria’, in his The Pioneer Fringe (New York,
1931).
11. Foreign Office Memo, 8 January 1930. Documents on British
Foreign Policy, 2nd series, vol. VIII, pp. 18–19.
12. Bodl. Mss Dawson 76, Note by Geoffrey Dawson of talk with Sir
John Simon, the Foreign Secretary, 14 March 1932. Dawson was
editor of The Times in 1912–19 and 1922–41.