Darwin J. The Empire Project. The Rise and Fall of the British World-System, 1830-1970
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
745 / Notes to pages 425–9
13. See Memo by C. Orde, 14 December 1933, Documents on British
Foreign Policy, 2nd series, vol. XX (1984), pp. 119ff.; Lampson to
Simon, 24 August 1933 (received 7 November), Documents on British
Foreign Policy, 2nd series, vol. XI, pp. 558–97, esp. p. 592.
14. The Tshushima Strait lies between Japan and Korea.
15. The best account of the Sub-Committee’s proceedings is now K.
Neilson, ‘The Defence Requirements Sub-Committee, British Strategic
Foreign Policy, Neville Chamberlain and the Path to Appeasement’,
English Historical Review, 118, 477 (2003), 651–84.
16. See D. H. Cole, Imperial Military Geography (8th edn, 1935),
pp. 148–50.
17. For this view in the Foreign Office, see G. Kennedy,
Anglo-American Strategic Relations in the Far East 1933–1939
(2002), p. 53.
18. For the First Sea Lord’s memo of 14 March 1934, urging a
two-power standard, see Kennedy, Strategic Relations,p.140.
19. For Chamberlain’s support for a non-aggression pact with Japan,
see Kennedy, Strategic Relations,p.176.
20. Neilson, ‘Defence Requirements Sub-Committee’, p. 677.
21. See Kennedy, Strategic Relations,chs.2, 3.
22. Ibid., pp. 186ff., 202.
23. For the Anglo-German Naval Agreement of June 1935, see J.
Maiolo, The Royal Navy and Nazi Germany 1933–1939 (1998).
24.CAB4/23, Annual Review by Chiefs of Staff Sub-Committee,
29 April 1935, para. 19.
25. Minute, 25 February 1935, Documents on British Foreign Policy,
2nd series, vol. XIV, p. 166.
26. Minute, 8 June 1935, Documents on British Foreign Policy, 2nd
series, Vol. XIV, p. 318.
27. Chatfield to Vansittart, 8 August 1935, ibid.,p.465.
746 / Notes to pages 429–33
28. L. R. Pratt, East of Malta, West of Suez: Britain’s Mediterranean
Crisis 1936–1939 (Cambridge, 1975), p. 23.
29.CAB4/24, Chiefs of Staff Sub-Commiteee, Memo, 1 April 1936,
p. 2.
30.CAB4/24, Defence Requirements Sub-Committee, Third Report,
21 November 1935,p.38.
31. Pratt, East of Malta,p.47.
32. At the Imperial Conference in May 1937. See S. Roskill, Hankey,
Man of Secrets (1974), vol. II, p. 282.
33. In November 1936, Germany and Japan had made their
Anti-Comintern Pact.
34. In his lecture, ‘Quo Vadimus’ (1934), cited in D. Edgerton,
Warfare State: Britain, 1920–1970 (Cambridge, 2005), p. 56.
35.FO371/20475, Chamberlain to Eden, 25 August 1936.For
Hitler’s reaffirmation of these policies in September 1936, see A.
Tooze, The Wages of Destruction (2005), pp. 219ff.
36. G. Jones, Merchants to Multinationals (Oxford, 2000), p. 87.
37. Down from 3,057 million linear yards in 1913 to 375 million in
1936.G.E.Hubbard,Eastern Industrialization and its Effect on the
West (2nd edn, 1938), p. 340.
38. Post-tax returns on capital slumped to less than 4 per cent. See
Jones, Merchants,p.95.
39. Averaging £33 million a year compared with £200 million (much
more in real terms) before 1914. P. J. Cain and A. G. Hopkins, British
Imperialism (1992), vol. II, p. 87.
40. For the contemporary view that Britain’s population growth was
over, see W. K. Hancock, Survey of British Commonwealth Affairs:
Problems of Economic Policy vol. I, (1940), pp. 156–77.
41. Except in the Netherlands, Belgium, Britain and the Irish Free
State. See W. A. Mackintosh, The Economic Background to
Dominion-Provincial Relations ([1939] Toronto, 1978), p. 110.
42. Hubbard, Eastern Industrialization,p.340.
747 / Notes to pages 435–8
43. For London’s dealings with New Delhi, see I. M. Drummond, The
Floating Pound and the Sterling Area 1931–1939 (Cambridge, 1981),
ch. 2; B. R. Tomlinson, ‘Britain and the Indian Currency Crisis
1930–1932’, Economic History Review, 2nd series 32 (1979), 88–9.
44. In Australia and New Zealand, at the lower level of 1.25:1.
45. See G. C. Peden, The Treasury and Public Policy 1906–1959
(Oxford, 2000), p. 256: the Account was managed ‘on a day to day
basis by the Bank’.
46. For this analysis, see Drummond, Floating Pound, pp. 258–9.
47. See D. Kynaston, The City of London, vol. III, Illusions of Gold
(2000), p. 361.
48. See R. Self (ed.), The Neville Chamberlain Diary Letters, vol. III,
The Heir Apparent 1928–1933 (2002), pp. 30–6.
49. Chamberlain had replaced Philip Snowden as Chancellor of the
Exchequer.
50. Self (ed.), Chamberlain Diary Letters, vol. III, pp. 39–40.
51. For this estimate, see I. M. Drummond, British Economic Policy
and the Empire 1919–1939 (1972), p. 102.
52. For an example, see L. S. Amery’s pamphlet, Empire and
Prosperity (1930).
53. What British ministers thought they had got is summarised in
their telegram to London, 14 August 1932,printedinI.M.
Drummond, Imperial Economic Policy 1917–1939: Studies in
Expansion and Protection (1974), pp. 290–5.
54. See Tim Rooth, British Protectionism and the International
Economy: Overseas Commercial Policy in the 1930s (Cambridge,
1992), ch. 4.
55. Ibid., pp. 146–56.
56. Ibid., pp. 318–19.
57. P. J. Hugill, Global Communications since 1844: Geopolitics and
Technology (Baltimore, 1999), p. 28.
748 / Notes to pages 438–43
58. Rooth, British Protectionism,p.320.
59. League of Nations, The Network of World Trade (1942), p. 19.
In 1938, Britain absorbed one-sixth of the world’s imports, twice as
much as the United States. See T. Rooth, ‘Britain’s Other Dollar
Problem: Economic Relations with Canada 1945–1950’, Journal of
Imperial and Commonwealth History, 27, 1 (1999), 103.
60. See P. Clavin, ‘Shaping the Lessons of History: Britain and the
Rhetoric of American Trade Policy, 1930–1960’, in A. Marrison (ed.),
Free Trade and its Reception 1815–1960: Freedom and Trade (1998),
pp. 287–307.
61. H. James, The End of Globalization (Cambridge, MA, 2001),
p. 48.
62 The National Government won 62.9 per cent of votes and 554
seats in 1931; 54.8 per cent with 432 seats in 1935.
63. Wales, for example, lost 450,000 people by migration in
1921–39; and London gained 458,000 in 1931–9. See B. Thomas,
Migration and Urban Development (1972), pp. 181–2.
64. See R. McKibbin, Classes and Cultures: English History
1918–1951 (1998), p. 115.
65. For this, see Ibid., p. 68.
66. For a superb analysis of Baldwin’s style and rhetoric, see P.
Williamson, Stanley Baldwin: Conservative Leadership and National
Values (Cambridge, 1999).
67. See The Economist, 1 May 1937.
68. Newfoundland’s status lapsed with bankruptcy in 1933;in
Southern Rhodesia, despite wide internal self-government, the
Imperial government retained reserved powers over ‘native policy’.
69. For this complication, see the ‘Report of the Conference on the
Operation of Dominion Legislation and Merchant Shipping
Legislation,1929, Part V’, quoted in R. M. Dawson, The Development
of Dominion Status 1900–1936 (1936), pp. 381–9.
70.CAB23/65,Cab.51(30), 17 September 1930.
749 / Notes to pages 443–7
71. Bodl. Sankey Papers, Mss Eng. Hist. e285: Diary, 3 December
1931.
72.CAB23/65,Cab.51(30), 17 September 1930.
73. Bodl. Sankey Papers, Mss Eng. Hist. c547, Note by Sir M. Gwyer,
June 1931.
74. The Times, 21 November 1931.
75. Ibid.
76. For the report on the debate, see The Times, 25 November 1931.
77. The Times, 20 November 1931.
78. Bodl. Sankey Papers, Mss Eng. Hist. c509, Notes on Cabinet
meeting after Ottawa, 27 August 1932.
79. See P. Rich, Race and Empire in British Politics (Cambridge,
1986), pp. 69–84.
80. Churchill College, Cambridge, Lord Lloyd of Dolobran Papers,
GLLD 17/62, D. O. Malcolm to H. V. Hodson, 6 July 1934. Malcolm
was a director of the British South Africa Company and, like Amery,
Curtis and Hodson, a Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford.
81. For Macmillan’s disagreements with Curtis, see D. Lavin, From
Empire to International Commonwealth: A Biography of Lionel
Curtis (Oxford, 1995), pp. 235–9.
82. 329 Conservatives supported the bill, and 79 voted against. The
bill was carried by 404 to 133.
83. See S. Ball, Baldwin and the Conservative Party (1988), p. 114.
84. See his speeches at Worcester, May 1933, The Times, 1 May
1933; at Manchester in June 1933, The Times, 30 June 1933;atthe
Conservative Central Council (i.e. the annual conference), 4 December
1934, press cutting in Lloyd Papers, GLLD 17/16.
85. Speech in House of Commons, March 1931, The Times, 12
March 1931.
86. Ibid.
750 / Notes to pages 447–50
87. P. Williamson and E. Baldwin (eds.), Baldwin Papers: A
Conservative Statesman 1908–1947 (Cambridge, 2004), p. 307.
88. As note 8 above.
89. For Reading’s view that, without an agreed constitution, ‘it will
be a case of troops and money from here when we can spare neither’,
see his letter to MacDonald, 28 November 1931, Sankey Papers, Mss
Eng. Hist. c539.
90. See the Union of Britain and India’s pamphlet series: between
May and August 1933, the UBI issued ten pamphlets and organised
forty-three meetings; C. Bridge, Holding India to the Empire: The
British Conservative Party and the 1935 Constitution (1986),
pp. 100–1.
91. ‘The House of Commons would misunderstand’ a reference to
dominion status, said Hoare, the Secretary of State for India,
somewhat archly. See Cabinet Committee on India, 15 January 1935,
copy in Sankey Papers, Mss Eng. Hist. c512. For the bargain with
Austen Chamberlain, see Bridge, India, pp. 117–18.
92. See F. W. S. Craig, British General Election Manifestos
1918–1966 (Chichester, 1976), p. 8.
93. Bodl. Mss Edward Grigg, Microfilm 1003, Neville Chamberlain to
Edward Grigg, 30 September 1931. I owe this reference to Alex May.
94. For the usage of race, see the discussion of eugenic concerns in the
1930sinR.A.Soloway,Demography and Degeneration: Eugenics
and the Declining Birth-rate in Twentieth Century Britain (1990).
95. Siegfried, England’s Crisis,p.207.
96. The phrase is J. C. Smuts’: ‘We of the Dominions are the Newer
World.’ Speech, 28 January 1930. See J. Van Der Poel (ed.), Selections
from the Smuts Papers (Cambridge, 1973), vol. V, p. 450.
97. See W. J. Hudson and M. J. Sharp, Australian Independence
(Melbourne, 1988), pp. 111–16. The National party opposition
insisting on inserting a clause in the parliamentary resolution
approving the bill that the Australian parliament, and not just the
government, would have to agree to any request for legislation by the
Imperial Parliament. See The Times, 18 July 1931.
751 / Notes to pages 451–4
98. Alexander Turnbull Library, J. G. Coates Papers, MS 1785/041,
Note by A. G. Park, Secretary to New Zealand Treasury, 1 July 1931.
99. The Times, 13 September 1930. For an authoritative study, see
C. D. Schedvin, Australia and the Great Depression (Sydney, 1970).
100. See his press statement, 25 September 1930, The Times, 26
September 1930.
101. John T. Lang, Why I Fight (Sydney, 1934), preface, pp. 54, 219.
102. The Times, 8 December 1931.
103. See S. Alomes, A Nation at Last (1988), pp. 74–98.
104. A. W. Martin, Robert Menzies: A Life (Melbourne, 1993), vol. I,
p. 166.
105. The Times, 4 November 1932.
106. D. Day, John Curtin: A Life (2000), p. 346.
107. A trend broken off by the trade dispute of 1936. See P. Jones,
‘Trading in a “Fool’s Paradise”? White Australia and the Trade
Dispute of 1936’, in P. Jones and V. Mackie (eds.), Relationships:
Japan and Australia 1870s–1950s (Melbourne, 2001), pp. 133–62.
108. Report on Mission to the East, The Times, 7 July 1934.
109. Quoted in I. Turner (ed.), The Australian Dream (Melbourne,
1968), p. 296.
110. Turner (ed.), Australian Dream, pp. 297–8.
111. Bodl. Sankey Papers, Mss Eng. Hist. c509, Notes on Cabinet
meeting after Ottawa, 27 August 1932.
112. R. Self, Neville Chamberlain (2006), p. 84.
113. See copy in National Archives of Canada, R. B. Bennett Papers,
microfilm, M 3176.
114. Copy in R. B. Bennett Papers, M 1271.
115. Queen’s University, Kingston, Douglas Library, T. A. Crerar
Papers, Box 98, Crerar to A. K. Cameron, 10 December 1941.
752 / Notes to pages 454–6
116. T. A. Crerar Papers, Box 98, Crerar to Cameron, 23 December
1932.
117.Inthe1931 census, the three prairie provinces had a population
of 2,353,529, of whom 1,195,084 were of British origin. The Times,
16 June 1933.
118. J. H. Thompson, Forging the Prairie West (Toronto, 1998),
p. 133.
119. R. B. Bennett Papers, microfilm, M 1289, Second and Final
Report of Parliamentary Committee on Radio Broadcasting, 1932.
120. National Archives of Canada, MG-32,B5, Brooke Claxton
Papers, vol. 19, Claxton to M. Lubbock, 12 November 1935.On
Claxton’s politics, see D. Owram, The Government Generation:
Canadian Intellectuals and the State 1900–1945 (Toronto, 1986),
p. 224; D. J. Bercuson, True Patriot: The Life of Brooke Claxton
(Toronto, 1993).
121. Brooke Claxton Papers, vol. 18, Claxton to W. D. Herridge,
26 December 1934.
122. See R. Cook, The Politics of John W. Dafoe and the Free Press
(Toronto, 1963).
123. University of Manitoba, Elizabeth Dafoe Library, J. W. Dafoe
Papers Box 2, Dafoe to J. S. Ewart, 9 January 1928.
124. Dafoe Papers, Box 1, Dafoe to W. Martin, 2 August 1932.
125. National Archives of Canada, J. W. Dafoe Papers, microfilm,
M 74, Dafoe to A. Hawkes, 6 January 1928.
126. Brooke Claxton Papers, vol. 19, Claxton to K. Lindsay, 26 June
1934; Dafoe Papers Box 1, Dafoe to Lord Lothian, 10 October 1934.
127. A. R. M. Lower, ‘Geographical Determinants of Canadian
History’, in R. Flenley (ed.), Essays in Canadian History (Toronto,
1939), p. 251.
128. Dafoe Papers, Box 1, Dafoe to H. F. Armstrong, 25 July 1935.
129. See the account of his interview with Grant Dexter in Dafoe
Papers, Box 12, Dexter to Dafoe, 16 October 1932.
753 / Notes to pages 456–9
130. For this interpretation of Bennett’s policy, see Dafoe Papers
Box 1, Dafoe to Geoffrey Dawson, 19 October 1932. Dawson was a
close ally of Baldwin.
131. For King’s views, see J. Macfarlane, ‘Double Vision: Ernest
Lapointe, Mackenzie King and the Quebec Voice in Canadian Foreign
Policy, 1935–1939’, Journal of Canadian Studies, 34, 1 (1999),
94–5.
132. The Times, 3 April 1935.
133. L. Groulx, Mes m
´
emoires, 4 vols. (Montreal, 1971), vol. II,
p. 305.
134. See S. M. Trofimenkoff, The Dream of Nation: A Social and
Intellectual History of Quebec (Toronto, 1983), chs. 14, 15;B.St
Aubin, Maurice Duplessis et son
´
epoque (Montreal, 1979).
135. For a survey, see S. Marks and S. Trapido (eds.), The Politics of
Race, Class and Nationalism in Twentieth Century South Africa
(1987), chs. 1, 2.
136. University of Cape Town, Jagger Library, Patrick Duncan
Papers, D 5.24.17, Duncan to Lady Selborne, 28 April 1932.
137. H. J. Schlosberg, The King’s Republics (1929). Hertzog
contributed a foreword.
138. Ibid., pp. 49–50. Perhaps surprisingly, Schlosberg, ibid.,
p. 43, denied the right of secession as this would mean abolishing the
Crown.
139. Quoted in M. Roberts and A. E. G. Trollip, The South African
Opposition 1939–1945: An Essay in Contemporary History (1947),
p. 11.
140. See H. Giliomee, The Afrikaners: Biography of a People (2003),
p. 397.
141. Jagger Library, H. G. Lawrence Papers, BC 640, Speech at Kalk
Bay, 21 June 1927.
142. Speech at Pretoria, 30 April 1929,inJ.VanDerPoel(ed.),
Selections from the Smuts Papers (Cambridge, 1973), vol. V, p. 401.
754 / Notes to pages 459–62
143. See extract from Smuts’ speech at Ermelo, January 1929,
lovingly preserved in Stellenbosch University Library, D. F. Malan
Papers, 1/1/822.
144. Duncan Papers D 5.24.11, Duncan to Lady Selborne, 17 May
1932.
145. Smuts to Heaton Nicholls, 14 November 1932, Van Der Poel
(ed.), Smuts Papers,vol.V,p.524.
146. J. Lewis. ‘The Germiston By-Election of 1932’, in P. Bonner
(ed.), Working Papers in South African Studies (Johannesburg, 1981),
vol. II, pp. 97–120.
147. Duncan Papers, D 5.26.9, Duncan to Lady Selborne, 12 April
1934; for Smuts’ speech, 11 April 1934, see Van Der Poel (ed.), Smuts
Papers, vol. V, pp. 582–96; for his estimate of its influence, see ibid.,
p. 596, Smuts to M. C. Gillet, 15 April 1934.
148. Duncan Papers, D 5.26.23, Duncan to Lady Selborne, 1 August
1934.
149. See H. G. Lawrence Papers, BC 640,C.16.18.
150. H. G. Lawrence Papers, BC 640,C.16.4, East London Daily
Dispatch, 2 April 1935, Speech by Major P. van Der Byl, an Afrikaner
of impeccable ‘empire’ credentials.
151. Giliomee, Afrikaners,p.409.
152. See Isobel Hofmeyr, ‘Popularising History: The Case of Gustav
Preller’, Journal of African History, 29, 3 (1988), 521–35.
153. For an impression of this, see South African Who’s Who (Social
and Business) 1931–1932 (Cape Town, 1931).
154. The Times, 12 December 1935.
155. See the proposals of Walter Nash, the finance minister, The
Times, 18 June 1936, 4 December 1936, 16 January 1937.
156. See D. McMahon, Republicans and Imperialists (1982).
157. In India, Britain was moving from power to influence, declared
Lord Halifax, Viceroy (as Lord Irwin) 1926–31. The Times, 22 July
1937.