Darwin J. The Empire Project. The Rise and Fall of the British World-System, 1830-1970
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
755 / Notes to pages 462–6
158. Dafoe Papers, Box 2: Dafoe to J. S. Ewart, 9 January 1928.
159. Milner’s Egyptian Diary, 5 December 1919, cited in Darwin,
Britain, Egypt and the Middle East,p.89.
160. B. R. Tomlinson, The Political Economy of the Raj
1914–1947 (1979), p. 46. See also B. Chatterji, ‘Business and Politics
in the 1930s: Lancashire and the Making of the Indo-British Trade
Agreement, 1939’, Modern Asian Studies, 15, 3 (1981),
527–73.
161. For the fear that if the rupee was devalued the government of
India would be unable to pay the Home Charges, see BLIOC, Reading
Collection, Mss Eur. E 238/10, Memo by Secretary of State for India,
October 1931.
162. Note by India Office official, December 1930. Tomlinson,
Political Economy,p.127.
163. For these recommendations, see Report of Indian Statutory
Commission, vol. II, Recommendations, Parts 2, 4, 5.
164. The classic account is R. J. Moore, The Crisis of Indian Unity
(Oxford, 1974).
165. S. and S. Bose (eds.), Essential Writings of Netaji Subhas
Chandra Bose (Delhi, 1997), p. 211.
166. See W. M. Hogben, ‘An Imperial Dilemma: The Reluctant
Indianization of the Indian Political Service’, Modern Asian Studies,
15, 4 (1981), 751–69.
167. Dafoe Papers Box 12, Willingdon to J. W. Dafoe, 17 January
1931. Willingdon complained that the ICS were ‘hanging on
desperately to their jobs’.
168. See D. Potter, ‘Manpower Shortage and the End of Colonialism:
The Case of the Indian Civil Service’, Modern Asian Studies, 17, 1
(1973), 47–73.
169. D. Potter, India’s Political Administrators: From ICS to IAS
(Delhi. 1996), p. 40.
170. E. Blunt, The Indian Civil Service (1938), pp. 261–2.
756 / Notes to pages 466–9
171. See B. R. Nanda (ed.), Selected Works of Govind Ballabh Pant
(Delhi, 1997), vol. VII, pp. 463–5, (Governor) Haig to (Viceroy)
Linlithgow, 8 August 1937.
172. Ibid., vol VIII, pp. 445–7, Haig to Linlithgow, 5 March 1938.
173. N. Charlesworth, ‘The Problem of Government Finance in
British India: Taxation, Borrowing and the Allocation of Resources in
the Inter-War Period’, Modern Asian Studies, 19, 3 (1985) 521–48.
174. See D. Omissi, The Sepoy and the Raj (1994), p. 160.
175. Ibid., p. 187.
176. J. M. Brown, Gandhi and Civil Disobedience 1928–1934
(Cambridge, 1977), pp. 83–4.
177. All Parties Conference 1928 (Allahabad, 1928), pp. 100–24,
‘Recommendations’; R. Kumar and H. D. Sharma (eds.), Selected
Works of Motilal Nehru (New Delhi, 1993), vol. V, p. 308.
178. Forty-Ninth Session of Congress (Allahabad, n.d.), p. 26.
179. Ibid., p. 28.
180. See The Times, 15 March 1937, for this verdict.
181. Speech by Lord Hailey, a former governor of the Punjab and the
United Provinces, and one of the major ICS architects of the reforms.
The Times, 29 May 1937.
182. See N. B. Khare, My Political Memoirs (Nagpur, 1959).
183. V. Damodaran, Broken Promises: Popular Protest, Indian
Nationalism and the Congress Party in Bihar, 1935–46 (Delhi, 1992);
C. Markovits, ‘Indian Business and the Congress, 1937–39’, Modern
Asian Studies, 15, 3 (1981), 514.
184. J. Sarkar, ‘Power, Hegemony and Politics: Leadership Struggle in
the Congress in the 1930s’, Modern Asian Studies, 40, 2 (2006),
336.
185. D. Rothermund, India in the Great Depression 1929–1939
(New Delhi, 1992), p. 209.
186. Markovits, ‘Indian Business’, p. 511.
757 / Notes to pages 469–73
187. See his Haripura address as Congress president in 1938.S.and
S. Bose (eds.), Essential Writings.
188. Nehru to G. B. Pant, 25 November 1937, Rothermund,
Depression,p.249.
189. D. H. Cole, Imperial Military Geography (1935), ch. XI,
pp. 290–4.
190. ‘The Suez Canal of the Air: A Stay in Bahrein’, The Times, 12
June 1935.
191. See D. K. Fieldhouse, Western Imperialism in the Middle East
1914–1958 (Oxford, 2006), ch. 3; H. Batatu, The Old Social Classes
and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq (Princeton, 1978), Parts 1
and 2; D. Silverfarb, Britain’s Informal Empire in the Middle East: A
Case Study of Iraq 1929–1941 (1986).
192. J. Kostiner, The Making of Saudi Arabia 1916–1936 (Oxford,
1993), p. 140; C. Leatherdale, Britain and Saudi Arabia 1925–1939:
The Imperial Oasis (1983), p. 126.
193.FO371/ 20116, Minute on Anglo-Egyptian relations 1929–34, 9
August 1936.
194.FO371/13841, Minute by J. Murray, 13 June 1929.
195. Middle East Centre, St Antony’s College, Oxford, Killearn
Collection: Lampson’s diary, 18 April 1935.
196. See the account by T. Swedenburg, ‘The Role, of the Palestine
Peasantry in the Great Revolt of 1936–1939’, in Ilan Papp
´
e (ed.), The
Israel/Palestine Question (1999), p. 143.
197. Ibid., p. 144.
198. See Butrus Abu-Manneh, ‘The Rise of the Sanjak of Jerusalem
in the Late Nineteenth Century’, in Papp
´
e (ed.), Israel/Palestine
Question,p.46.
199. M. E. Yapp (ed.), Politics and Diplomacy in Egypt: The Diaries
of Sir Miles Lampson 1935–1937 (1997), p. 392 (11 December 1935).
200. See the Cabinet discussions on 6 and 20 May 1936 in FO
371/20106, 20108.
758 / Notes to pages 473–80
201.FO371/20110, Conclusions of Cabinet Anglo-Egyptian
Relations Committee, 15 June 1936.
202. Ibid., 16 June 1936.
203.FO371/20111, Memo by Foreign Secretary, 19 June 1936.
204. Ibid.
205. Cmd. 5308 (1936), Map to Illustrate the Treaty of Alliance with
Egypt.
206.FO371/22006, Lampson to Halifax, 30 June 1938.
207.FO371/22006, Annual Report for 1937, 30 June 1938.
208.FO371/20109, Lampson to Foreign Office, 28 May 1936.
209. S. J. Potter, ‘The BBC, the CBC, and the Royal Tour of Canada,
1939’, Cultural and Social History, 3 (2006), 432.
Chapter 11
1. A. Toynbee and F. Ashton-Gwatkin (eds.), Survey of International
Affairs: The World in March 1939 (1952), pp. 454–6.
2. For an up-to-date account, see A. Best, British Intelligence and the
Japanese Challenge in Asia, 1914–1941 (Basingstoke, 2002), chs. 6, 7.
3. Toynbee and Ashton-Gwatkin (eds.), The World in March 1939,
pp. 454–6.
4. See R. Boyce, ‘World Depression, World War: Some Economic
Origins of the Second World War’, in R. Boyce and E. M. Robertson
(eds.), Paths to War (1989), pp. 55–95.
5. See A. Tooze, The Wages of Destruction (2006), for a brilliant
description of the policies pursued by Schacht.
6. For the dilemmas and opportunities of Japanese economic policy in
the 1930s, see C. Howe, The Origins of Japanese Trade Supremacy
(1996), ch. 6.
7. H. James, The End of Globalisation (2001), p. 199.
759 / Notes to pages 480–7
8. M. J. Bonn, The Crumbling of Empire (1938), pp. 194–5.
9. For this analysis, see League of Nations, The Network of World
Trade (1942), p. 95.
10. For the general setting, see M. Mazower, Dark Continent:
Europe’s Twentieth Century (1998), ch. 1.
11. If Hitler’s New Order triumphed, ‘we should be the blockaded
party’. E. Staley, ‘The Myth of the Continents’ (first published in
Foreign Affairs, April 1941) in H. Weigert and V. Stefansson (eds.),
The Compass of the World (1943), p. 99.
12. J. Darwin, ‘Imperialism in Decline?’, Historical Journal, 23, 3
(1980), 673–7.
13. For a passionate (Indian) statement of this view, see K. M.
Pannikar, India and the Indian Ocean (1945).
14. M. Ceadel, Semi-Detached Idealists (Oxford, 2000), p. 346.
15. See N. Angell, The Defence of Empire (1937).
16. University of Texas at Austin, Harry Ransome Humanities
Centre, J. L. Garvin Papers: Lothian to J. L. Garvin, 29 October 1936,
18 November 1937; L. S. Amery to Garvin, 23 March, 10 June, 26
October 1936; Grigg to Garvin, 7 February 1938.
17. See E. H. Carr, The Twenty Years Crisis [1939] (new edn, 2001),
p. lxxvi; C. Jones, E. H. Carr and International Relations: A Duty to
Lie (Cambridge, 1998), p. 61.
18. For a brilliant discussion of this theme in Liddell Hart, see A. Gat,
Fascist and Liberal Theories of War (Oxford, 2000), pp. 146–265.
19.CAB27/599, Cabinet Memo by Anthony Eden, 11 February
1936, enclosing Note by Vansittart, 3 February 1936.
20. J. Neidpath, The Singapore Naval Base and the Defence of
Britain’s Eastern Empire (Oxford, 1981), p. 131.
21.CAB24/270, Memo by Chancellor of Exchequer, 25 June 1937.
22. For Eden’s views on Japan, see M. Murfett, Fool-Proof Relations:
The Search for Anglo-American Naval Co-operation during the
Chamberlain Years (Singapore, 1984), pp. 157–61.
760 / Notes to pages 487–95
23. For an early expression of his views on Japan, see Chamberlain to
Simon, 1 September 1934, Documents on British Foreign Policy, 2nd
series, vol. XIII, pp. 24–32.
24. For the pessimistic calculations of the Chiefs of Staff, see their
memo, ‘Military Implications of German Aggression against
Czechoslovakia’, March 1938.CAB27/627. Intriguingly, the
Chiefs of Staff did not consider the possibility of a Soviet
alliance.
25. J. Maiolo, The Royal Navy and Nazi Germany, 1933–1939
(Basingstoke and London, 1998), pp. 155–6.
26. W. Murray, The Change in the European Balance of Power
1938–1939 (Princeton, 1984), pp. 247, 363.
27. Maiolo, Royal Navy and Nazi Germany,p.156.
28. Except for the section given to Poland.
29. The authoritative study is S. Newman, March 1939: The British
Guarantee to Poland (Oxford, 1976).
30. I. Cowan, Dominion or Decline: Anglo-American Naval
Relations in the Pacific 1937–1941 (Oxford, 1996), pp. 144–5.
31.CAB27/627. Report by Chiefs of Staff Sub-committee on Far East
Situation, 18 June 1939.
32. Ibid.
33. See P. Lowe, Great Britain and the Origins of the Pacific War
1937–41 (Oxford, 1977), pp. 73–89.
34. Maiolo, Royal Navy and Nazi Germany,p.183.
35.CAB24/287,CP149 (39), Note on Financial Situation, 3 July
1939.
36.CAB23/100, Cabinet 36 (39), 5 July 1939.
37. Canadian House of Commons Debates,vol.220,p.2422,col.2
(30 March 1939).
38. Ibid., p. 2467,col.2 (31 March 1939).
761 / Notes to pages 495–9
39. For the strength of ‘Britannic’ feeling in Ontario, see Terry Copp,
‘Ontario 1939: The Decision for War’, Ontario History, 86 (1974),
269–78.
40. ‘We have . . . been relegated to the role of a Crown Colony’,
raged Oscar Skelton, head of the External Affairs department, in his
memorandum of 25 August 1939. J. Munro (ed.), Documents on
Canadian External Relations (Ottawa, 1972), vol. 6, pp. 1247–9.
41. Commonwealth Parliamentary Debates,vol.159,p.198,col.2
(9 May 1939). Quoted in speech by Sir H. Gullett, the external affairs
minister.
42. R. G. Menzies, in Commonwealth Parliamentary Debates,
vol. 159,p.234,col.1 (9 May 1939). For Menzies’ statement of 6
September 1939, see ibid., vol. 161, pp. 28–36.
43. New Zealand Parliament Debates,vol.254,p.20 (5 September
1939).
44. For Hertzog’s views, see C. M. van den Heever, General J. B. M.
Hertzog (English trans., Johannesburg, 1946), pp. 275–86.
45. University of Cape Town, Jagger Library, Patrick Duncan Papers
E.10.19.1, 4, Duncan to Lady Duncan, 1, 4 September 1939.
46. See South Africa House of Assembly, Debates,vol.36, 4
September 1939.
47. See the ‘Neutrality Debate’, 2 September 1939,inDail Eireann
Parliamentary Debates.
48. PPXX(1938–9), Cmd. 6121, India and the War, Appendix C,
Resolution by All-India Congress Committee, 10 October 1939.
49. See the Nehru–Jinnah correspondence in J. Nehru, A Bunch of
Old Letters (Bombay, 1958), pp. 392–4, 403–10.
50. See Chamberlain to Churchill, 16 September 1939; Churchill to
Chamberlain, 18 September 1939; Military Co-ordination Committee,
Minutes, 5 December 1939, in M. Gilbert (ed.), The Churchill War
Papers,vol.I,At the Admiralty (1993), pp. 101, 111, 466.
51. Fortune,July1940,p.136.
762 / Notes to pages 499–502
52. Churchill to Roosevelt, 24 December 1939. Gilbert, War Papers,
vol. I, p. 560.
53. Fortune,July1940,p.138.
54. Churchill to Wavell (Commander-in-Chief, Middle East), 26
January 1941, Gilbert, Churchill War Papers, vol. III, The
Ever-Widening War (2000), p. 136.
55. Churchill to Margesson, 29 January 1941, Gilbert, War Papers,
vol. III, p. 153.
56. J. Granatstein, Canada’s War: The Politics of the Mackenzie King
Government 1939–1945 (Toronto, 1975), p. 25.
57. National Archives of Canada, Dafoe Papers M-79 (microfilm):
T. A. Crerar to J. W. Dafoe, 10 June 1940; Queen’s University
Kingston, Douglas Library, T. A. Crerar Papers 119: Crerar to King,
23 February 1941.
58. National Archives of Canada, R. B. Bennett Papers M-3175
(microfilm), R. B. Hanson to R. B. Bennett, 17 September 1940.
59. National Archives of Canada, Mackenzie King Papers 4566
(microfilm), Mackenzie King to Churchill, 16 September 1940.
60. J. W. Pickersgill, The Mackenzie King Record,vol.I,1939–1944
(Toronto, 1960), p. 203.
61. It was to be a permanent joint board.
62. Pickersgill, Mackenzie King Record,vol.1,p.204.
63. See R. Sarty, Canada and the Battle of the Atlantic (Montreal,
1998).
64. N. Meaney (ed.), Australia and the World (Melbourne, 1985),
p. 459: R. G. Menzies to S. Bruce (Australian High Commissioner in
London), 11 September 1939.
65. I. M. Cumpston, Lord Bruce of Melbourne (Melbourne, 1989),
pp. 178, 181–4.
66. J. Grey, A Military History of Australia (Cambridge, 1999),
p. 144.
763 / Notes to pages 503–6
67. D. Day, John Curtin: A Life (Sydney, 1999), p. 43.
68. J. Belich, Paradise Reforged (Auckland, 2001), p. 273; Grey,
Military History, pp. 145–7.
69. Quoted in K. H. Bailey, ‘Australia in the Empire’, Australian
Outlook, 14, 1 (1942), 13.
70. The Economist, 10 May 1941,p.614.
71. See A. Grundlingh, ‘The King’s Afrikaners: Enlistment and Ethnic
Identity in the Union of South Africa’s Defence Force during the
Second World War, 1939–45’, Journal of African History, 40 (1999),
354.
72. J. Van Der Poel (ed.), Selections from the Smuts Papers
(Cambridge, 1973), vol. VI, pp. 373–7: Smuts to F. H. Theron, 21
July 1942.
73. R. Hyam and P. Henshaw, The Lion and the Springbok
(Cambridge, 2003), pp. 130–1.
74. M. Roberts and A. E. G. Trollip, The South African Opposition
1939–1945 (1947), p. 159.
75. Ibid., p. 174.
76. N. Prasad, Official History of the Indian Armed Forces in the
Second World War 1939–1945: The Expansion of the Armed Forces
and Defence Organization (Calcutta, 1956), pp. 54, 60.
77. Viceroy’s statement, 8 August 1940.PPX(1939–40) Cmd. 6219,
‘India and the War’.
78. See the development of Jinnah’s views, in A. Jalal, The Sole
Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan
(Cambridge, 1985).
79. See I. Talbot, Khizr Tiwana: The Punjab Unionist Party and the
Partition of India (Karachi, 2002), p. 134.
80. For this fear, see the Viceroy, Lord Linlithgow, to Hallett, 16
March 1942, N. Mansergh (ed.), Constitutional Relations between
Britain and India: The Transfer of Power 1942–47,vol.I,The Cripps
Mission (London, 1970), p. 430.
764 / Notes to pages 507–12
81. Amery to Linlithgow, 2 March 1942, Mansergh (ed.),
Constitutional Relations,p.295; Churchill to Linlithgow, Mansergh
(ed.), Constitutional Relations, pp. 394–5.
82. War Cabinet Memo, 2 February 1942, Mansergh (ed.),
Constitutional Relations,p.112.
83. The authoritative account of the Cripps Mission is R. J. Moore,
Churchill, Cripps and India 1939–1945 (Oxford, 1979).
84. Until mid-June 1945. J. M. Brown, Nehru (2003), p. 139.
85. The Economist, 20 November 1937, ‘British Capital Abroad’,
p. 359.
86. The Economist, 6 August 1938,p.281.
87. The Economist, 20 November 1937,p.363.
88. For the best account of Anglo-American commercial relations, see
I. M. Drummond, The Floating Pound and the Sterling Area,
1931–1939 (Cambridge, 1981).
89. D. Hall, North American Supply (1955), p. 269: down from
$4,483 million to $2,167 million.
90. The Economist, 22 November 1941,p.630.
91. J. M. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: The Years of Urgency
1938–41 (Boston, 1965), pp. 217–18.
92. The senator in charge of the lend–lease bill suggested a lien on
Malayan rubber and tin.
93. R. Skidelsky, The Life of J. M. Keynes: Fighting for Britain
(2000), ch. 4.
94. D. Moggridge (ed.), The Collected Works of John Maynard
Keynes: External War Finance (Cambridge, 1979), p. 222: Keynes to
Sir F. Phillips, 14 June 1942.
95. Ibid., p. 233: Keynes to Sir H. Wilson, 9 June 1942.
96. Fortune,May1942, pp. 59–60.
97. A. Warren, Singapore, 1942 (2002), pp. 117–18.