Darwin J. The Empire Project. The Rise and Fall of the British World-System, 1830-1970
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765 / Notes to pages 512–20
98. Quoted in The Economist, 21 February 1942.
99. A. Danchev and D. Todman (eds.), War Diaries 1939–1945:
Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke (paperback edn, 2002), p. 229 (12
February 1942).
Chapter 12
1. Speech by Anthony Eden, 30 October 1942, The Times, 31
October 1942.
2.By1944, the US was spending four times as much as Britain on
armaments.
3. Speech by Smuts, 25 November 1943, The Times, 3 December
1943.
4. British Documents on the End of Empire: S. R. Ashton and S. E.
Stockwell (eds.), Imperial Policy and Colonial Practice 1925–1945,
Part 1 (1996), pp. 231–44: Memo by Post-Hostilities Planning Staff,
‘The Security of the British Empire’, 29 June 1945.CAB81/46,
PHP(45)29(0) Final.
5.To29 per cent by 1943. W. K. Hancock and M. Gowing, British
War Economy (1949), p. 354.
6. See Ibid., ch. 18.
7. See J. M.Keynes, ‘Our Overseas Financial Prospects’, 13 August
1945, in D. Moggridge (ed.), Collected Works of John Maynard
Keynes, vol. XXIV, Activities 1944–1946 (Cambridge, 1979),
pp. 398–414.
8. See Memo by Deputy Minister of Labour, 27 November 1943,
National Archives of Canada, Mackenzie King Papers C-7054
(microfilm).
9. See M. Milner, Canada’s Navy: The First Century (Toronto, 1999),
pp. 119, 157.
10. Quoted in D. Day, John Curtin: A Life (Sydney, 1999), pp. 438–9.
11. The Times, 16 August 1943, 7 September 1943.
766 / Notes to pages 520–4
12. The Times, 7 September 1943.
13. E. Grigg, The British Commonwealth: Its Place in the Service of
the World (1943), p. 164.
14. Copy in Brooke Claxton Mss, NAC MG 32 B-5,vol.22.
15. W. L. Mackenzie King Diary, 15 May 1944, consulted online at
http://king.collections.canada.ca.
16. Day, Curtin,p.518.
17. Ibid., p. 543.
18. The Times, 19 May 1942.
19. The Times, 3 December 1943.
20. J. Barnes and D. Nicholson (eds.), The Empire at Bay: The Leo
Amery Diaries 1929–1945 (1988), p. 947 (14 October 1943).
21. The Times, 9 September 1943.
22. Mackenzie King Diary, 5 May 1944.
23. Ibid., 9 May 1944.
24. Speech, 27 August 1943. Brooke Claxton Mss, NAC MG 32 B-5,
vol. 22.
25. Mackenzie King Diary, 4 May 1944.
26. Queen’s University, Kingston, Douglas Library, C. G. Power Mss,
Box 1: Political Jottings, July 1943.
27. C. G. Power Mss, Box 1: Memo by C. G. Power, 10 December
1944.
28. Mackenzie King Diary, 11 May 1944.
29. J. Ehrman, Grand Strategy,vol.VI(1956), p. 118.
30. Memo by H. Caccia, 26 October 1944. D. Ellwoood, Italy
1943–1945 (Leicester, 1985), p. 118.
31. G. M. Alexander, The Prelude to the Truman Doctrine: British
Policy in Greece 1944–1947 (Oxford, 1982), p. 48.
767 / Notes to pages 525–30
32. R. Wilson, ‘Economic Aspects of Arab Nationalism’, in M. J.
Cohen and M. Kolinsky (eds.), Demise of the British Empire in the
Middle East: Britain’s Response to Nationalist Movements,
1943–1955 (1998), p. 67.
33.By1948, it was nearly 40 per cent. W. B. Fisher, The Middle East
(1950), pp. 242–4.
34. Thus the British ambassador in Cairo had been authorised to use
force in April 1944 to prevent the dismissal of his favoured prime
minister. See M. Kolinsky, ‘Lampson and the Wartime Control of
Egypt’, in Cohen and Kolinsky (eds.), Demise of the British Empire in
the Middle East,p.108.
35. Quoted in J. Darwin, Britain, Egypt and the Middle East:
Imperial Policy in the Aftermath of War 1918–1922 (1981), p. 160.
36. Sir M. Hallet (Governor of the United Provinces) to Linlithgow
(Viceroy), 9 March 1943. N. Mansergh (ed.), Constitutional Relations
between Britain and India: The Transfer of Power, 12 vols. (London,
1970–83), vol. III, p. 778.
37. Linlithgow to Amery (Secretary of State for India), 19 July 1943.
Ibid., vol. IV, p. 53.
38. Amery to Churchill, 16 April 1943. Ibid., vol. III, p. 895.
39. Wavell to Amery, 10 July 1944. Ibid., vol. IV, p. 1075.
40. Wavell to Amery, 28 August 1944. Ibid., vol. IV, p. 1228.
41. Ibid., vol. IV, p. 165.
42. In his cabinet memo. 2 February 1942. Ibid., I, pp. 110–12.
43. M. Perham, ‘The Colonial Empire: Capital, Labour and the
Colonial Colour Bar’, The Times, 14 March 1942.
44. For a vehement attack on indirect rule, see W. M. Macmillan,
Africa Emergent (1938).
45. The Times, 11 January 1943. Morrison was Home Secretary.
46. V. H. Rothwell, Britain and the Cold War 1941–1947 (1982),
p. 248.
768 / Notes to pages 530–8
47. Ibid., p. 252.
48. For a brilliant description of Keynes’ tortured negotiation, see R.
Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes: Fighting for Britain 1937–1946
(2000), pp. 403–52. For an analysis that draws on the sceptical view
from the Bank of England, see J. Fforde, The Bank of England and
Public Policy 1941–1958 (Cambridge, 1992), pp. 62–87.
49. HC Deb., 5th series, vol. 417,col.442.
50. Speech in House of Lords, 18 December 1945. D. Moggridge
(ed.), Collected Works of John Maynard Keynes, vol. XXIV, Activities
1944–1946,p.620.
51.CAB128/5, Cabinet 54(46), 3 June 1946.
52.CAB128/7, Cabinet 55(46), 5 June 1946, Confidential Annex.
53. See R. Smith and J. Zametica, ‘The Cold Warrior: Clement Attlee
Reconsidered 1945–47’, International Affairs, 61, 2 (1985), 237–52.
54. Conclusions of Prime Ministers’ Meeting (46)5. See W. J. Hudson
and W. Way (eds.), Australia and the Post-War World: Documents
1947 (Canberra, 1995), p. 320.
55. Attlee’s views can be traced in his memoranda on ‘The Future of
the Italian Colonies’, 1 September 1945 and 2 March 1946; his letter
to Bevin, 1 December 1946, and his minute to Bevin on ‘Near Eastern
Policy’, 5 January 1947; all in R. Hyam (ed.), British Documents on
the End of Empire: The Labour Government and the End of Empire
1945–1951, Part III, Strategy, Politics and Constitutional Change
(1992), pp. 207–8, 213–15, 221–2, 223–6.
56. Minute by Bevin to Attlee, 9 January 1947. Hyam, Labour
Government, Part III, p. 228.
57. Of the huge literature on the end of the Raj, the best survey is
R. J. Moore, Escape from Empire: The Attlee Government and the
Indian Problem (Oxford, 1983).
58.CAB128/5, Cabinet 73(46) 25 July 1946.
59. M. J. Cohen, Palestine and the Great Powers 1945–1948
(Princeton, 1982), is the standard account of the British withdrawal.
769 / Notes to pages 538–47
60. Fforde, Bank of England, pp. 101–2.
61. A. P. Dobson, The Politics of the Anglo-American Special
Economic Relationship, 1940–1987 (1988), pp. 109–13.
62. Canadian High Commissioner, London to Secretary of State for
External Affairs, 8 April 1946.D.M.Page(ed.),Documents on
Canadian External Relations,vol.12 (1946) (Ottawa, 1977), p. 1242.
63. See J. Darwin, Britain and Decolonization: The Retreat from
Empire in the Post-War World (1988), pp. 94–5.
64. P. Williams (ed.), The Diary of Hugh Gaitskell (1983), p. 54
(30 January 1948).
65. Bevin’s Cabinet Memo, 19 October 1949. Hyam, Labour
Government, Part 3,p.382.
66.CAB129/28,CP(48) 171, Memo by A. Creech Jones, 1 July
1948.
67. See British Documents on the End of Empire: J. Kent (ed.), Egypt
and the Defence of the Middle East, 3 vols. (1998), ‘Introduction’,
pp. liv–lv.
68. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, Alister McIntosh Papers,
MS 6759/050: Attlee to Fraser, 14 January 1948.
69. PREM 8/950: Sir N. Brook, Draft Report on Proceedings of
Official Committee on Commonwealth Relations, 24 March 1948.
70.CAB131/5, Cabinet Defence Committee, DO 19 (48), 18
September 1948.
71. G.C.Peden,The Treasury and Public Policy 1906–1959 (Oxford,
2000), p. 407.
72.CAB129/29,CP(48) 206, Prime Minister’s Memo, 24 August
1948.
73. S. Constantine, ‘Migrants and Settlers’, in W. R. Louis and J. M.
Brown (eds.), The Oxford History of the British Empire: The
Twentieth Century (Oxford, 1999), p. 186.
74. P. W. Bell, The Sterling Area in the Post-War World (Oxford,
1956), p. 316–17.
770 / Notes to pages 547–9
75. R. Hyam and P. Henshaw, The Lion and the Springbok
(Cambridge, 2003), pp. 135–6.
76. Peden, Treasury,p.392.
77. See J. Tomlinson, ‘The Attlee Government and the Balance of
Payments, 1945–1951’, Journal of Twentieth Century British History,
2, 1 (1991), 59.
78. J. Fred Rippy, ‘Point Four Background: A Decade of Income from
British Overseas Investment’, Journal of Business of the University of
Chicago, 26, 4 (1953), 231–7.
79. HC Deb., 5th series, vol. 450,col.1318.
80. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, Alister McIntosh Papers
MS 6759/050, Prime Minister to Berendsen, Secret and Personal
Telegram, 4 October 1947.
81. W. Reynolds, Australia’s Bid for the Atomic Bomb (Carlton, Vic.,
2000), p. 47.
82. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, Chifley to Attlee, 22
January 1948, copy in Alister McIntosh MS 6759/050.
83. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, Alister McIntosh Papers
MS 6759/050: Report on Visit to Australia in Memo by McIntosh for
Prime Minister Fraser, 1 March 1948.
84. I. McGibbon (ed.), Undiplomatic Dialogue: Letters between Carl
Berendsen and Alister McIntosh 1943–1957 (Auckland, 1993), p. 174.
85. It was approved by 568,427 to 160,998.
86. New Zealand Parliamentary Debates,vol.277,p.595 (21 August
1947).
87. A. W. Martin, Robert Menzies: A Life (Melbourne, 1993), vol. I,
p. 166, quoting Menzies in 1935.
88. Martin, Menzies (Melbourne 1999), vol. II, p. 95.
89. See B. MacFarlane, ‘Australian Post-War Economic Policy
1947–1953’, in A. Curthoys and J. Merritt (eds.), Australia’s First
Cold War 1945–1953 (1984), p. 41.
771 / Notes to pages 549–53
90. Martin, Menzies, vol. II, p. 222.
91. The commitment was eventually approved by the Australian
cabinet in December 1951. See H. Donohue, From Empire Defence to
Long Haul: Post-War Defence and its Impact on Naval Force
Structure and Planning 1945–1955 (Canberra, 1996), p. 111.
92. See D. Lowe, Menzies and the ‘Great World Struggle’: Australia’s
Cold War 1948–1954 (Sydney, 1999), p. 96.
93. G. P. Grant, The Empire, Yes or No (Toronto, 1945).
94. National Archives of Canada. Brooke Claxton MS Mic. H-1422:
St Catherine’s Standard, 12 March 1948.
95. See P. Buckner, ‘The Long Goodbye: English Canadians and the
British World’, in P. Buckner and R. D. Francis (eds.), Rediscovering
the British World (Calgary, 2005), pp. 181–207.
96. National Archives of Canada, Mackenzie King MS C-11051:
Mackenzie King to St Laurent, 3 October 1948.
97. J. Hilliker (ed.), Documents on Canadian External Relations,
vol. 11 (Ottawa. 1990), pp. 1262–7: Memo by Senior Canadian Army
Member, Permanent Joint Board of Defence, 2 August 1945.
98. B. W. Muirhead, The Development of Post-War Canadian Trade
Policy (Montreal and Kingston, 1992), pp. 183–6.
99. Muirhead, Trade Policy,p.43.
100. See Canadian High Commissioner in London to Secretary of
State for External Affairs, 14 November 1949, H. Mackenzie (ed.),
Documents on Canadian External Relations,vol.15 (Ottawa, 1995),
pp. 1318–20.
101. For two contemporary estimates, see Tom MacDonald, Jan
Hofmeyr: Heir to Smuts (Cape Town, 1948); A. Keppel-Jones, When
Smuts Goes (Cape Town, 1947).
102. See note 75 above.
103.DO121/75, Memo, ‘The Commonwealth Relationship:
Constitutional Questions’, February 1949, containing Congress Party
Resolution, 16 December 1948.
772 / Notes to pages 553–6
104. PREM 8/950, Fifth Report of Official Committee, January 1949.
105. PREM 8/950, Report by Sir N. Brook on Consultations with
Canada, Australia and New Zealand, 14 September 1948.
106. PREM 8/950, Cabinet Committee on Commonwealth Relations,
2nd Conclusions, 8 February 1949.
107. Ibid.
108. PREM 8/950, Listowel (Wellington) to Commonwealth
Relations Office, 22 March 1949.
109. PREM 8/950, Attlee to Nehru, Top Secret and Personal,
20 March 1949.
110. PREM 8/950, Note by Sir N. Brook, 22 April 1949.
111.CAB129/35,CP(49) 141, 21 June 1949, ‘The Commonwealth
Relationship: Republicanism in South Africa’: Evelyn Baring to
P. Noel-Baker, 7 June 1949.
112. PREM 8/950, Commonwealth Prime Ministers Meeting, 27
April 1949.
113. See M. Bassett and M. King, Tomorrow Comes the Song: A Life
of Peter Fraser (Auckland, 2000), p. 325.
114. For Attlee’s note on Commonwealth nomenclature, 30
December 1948, see Hyam, Labour Government, Part 4, pp. 178–80.
115. See British Documents on the End of Empire:Kent,Egypt,
vol. I, p. 289: Bevin to Alexander, 13 September 1948.
116.FO371/73465, Sir W. Strang to E. A. Chapman-Andrews
(Cairo), 21 September 1949.
117.FO371/73464, Minute by G. Clutton, 24 June 1949.
118.FO371/69274: Note on ‘Operation Bystander’, by Colonel
Jenkins, 14 July 1948.
119.CAB131/9,DO(50) 40, Cabinet Defence Committee, 19 May
1950, Appendix 1.
120.CAB131/11,DO(51) 12, 17 February 1951, Chiefs of Staff
Memo, 17 February 1951.
773 / Notes to pages 556–63
121. The Times, 29 September 1950.
122. See e.g. CAB 129/36,CP(49) 176, Memo by Minister of Fuel
and Power, 18 August 1949.
123. See Z. Mikdashi, A Financial Analysis of Middle Eastern Oil
Concessions 1901–1965 (New York, 1966), p. 110. Compare the
figure of £36 million in tax in J. Bamberg, History of the British
Petroleum Company, vol. II, The Anglo-Iranian Years 1928–1954
(Cambridge, 1994), p. 325. The difference refers to the percentage of
revenue attributable to the company’s Iranian operations.
124. E. Abrahamian, Iran Between Two Revolutions (Princeton,
1982), ch. 5.
125. W. R. Louis, The British Empire and the Middle East
1945–1951 (Oxford, 1984), p. 666.
126. Louis, Middle East,p.688.
127. See Circular Dispatch from Secretary of State for the Colonies to
the African Governors, 25 February 1947,inBritish Documents on
the End of Empire: Hyam, Labour Government, Part I, pp. 119–29.
128. Governor Arden-Clarke to A. B. Cohen, 5 March 1951, British
Documents on the End of Empire: Hyam, Labour Government, Part
III, p. 65. For the motives behind constitutional change, see Cabinet
Memo by A. Creech-Jones, 8 October 1949, ibid., p. 47.
129. See D. Anderson, Histories of the Hanged (2005), ch. 1.
130. See T. N. Harper, The End of Empire and the Making of Malaya
(Cambridge, 1999). chs. 2, 3, 4, offer a brilliant analysis.
131.CAB129/26,CP(48) 91: Memo by P. Gordon Walker, March
1948.
132. National Archives of Australia, A4933, OCR, Chancellor of
Exchequer to Treasurer, 15 January 1951, enclosed in 24th Report of
Inter-departmental Dollar Committee.
133. The Times, 2 March 1951.
134. Fforde, Bank of England,p.420.
774 / Notes to pages 563–8
135. See draft dated 18 January 1952 in Sir Alister McIntosh Mss,
Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, 6759/063.
136. See Bell, Sterling Area,p.382.
137. National Archives of Australia, A 11099, 1/16, Cabinet
Notebooks 1952: Cabinet of 3 June 1952.
138.CAB159/11, Joint Intelligence Committee (52) 2, 3 January
1952.
139.FO371/90119, British Middle East Office to Foreign Office,
17 November 1951.
140.CAB128/23, Cabinet (51) 20, 28 December 1951;(51) 21, 29
December 1951.
141.CAB129/48, Cabinet (51) 40, Memo by Foreign Secretary,
6 December 1951.
142. Minute by Sir P. Dixon, 23 January 1952,FO371/96920,in
British Documents on the End of Empire:Kent,Egypt, Part 2,p.320.
143. Ibid.
Chapter 13
1. See M. J. Daunton, Just Taxes: The Politics of Taxation in Britain,
1914–1979 (Cambridge, 2001).
2. E. Shuckburgh, Descent to Suez: Diaries 1951–56 (1987), p. 93.
Shuckburgh was Eden’s Private Secretary at the Foreign Office.
3. British Documents on the End of Empire: D. Goldsworthy (ed.),
The Conservative Government and the End of Empire 1951–1957
(1994), Part 1, International Relations, pp. 344–8: ‘India and the
Colonial Problem’, a note by R. C. Ormerod, Commonwealth
Relations Office, 7 July 1955.
4. See G. Kahin, The Asian-African Conference at Bandung,
Indonesia, April 1955 (Ithaca, NY, 1956).
5. W. R. Louis, ‘Public Enemy Number One: Britain and the United
Nations in the Aftermath of Suez’, in W. R. Louis, Ends of British