Darwin J. The Empire Project. The Rise and Fall of the British World-System, 1830-1970
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775 / Notes to pages 569–75
Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez and Decolonization
(2006).
6. British Documents on the End of Empire: A. J. Stockwell (ed.),
Malaya, Part 2, The Communist Insurrection 1948–1953 (1995),
p. 330: Cabinet Memo by O. Lyttelton, 21 December 1951.
7. British Documents on the End of Empire: Goldsworthy (ed.), The
Conservative Government and the End of Empire 1951–1957, Part 2,
Politics and Administration,p.188: Cabinet Conclusions, 12
February 1952.
8. Ibid., p. 203: Cabinet Memo by O. Lyttelton, 4 September 1953.
9. See M. Lynn, ‘“We Cannot Let the North Down”: British Policy
and Nigeria in the 1950s’, in M. Lynn (ed.), The British Empire in the
1950s: Retreat or Revival (2006), pp. 144–63.
10. British Documents on the End of Empire: Goldsworthy (ed.), The
Conservative Government and the End of Empire 1951–1957, Part 2,
p. 247: Sir E. Baring to Lyttelton, 29 October 1953.
11. See J. Darwin, Britain and Decolonization: The Retreat from
Empire in the Post-War World (1988), pp. 202–6.
12. British Documents on the End of Empire: Goldsworthy (ed.), The
Conservative Government and the End of Empire 1951–1957, Part 2,
p. 23: Memo by Lord Swinton, 16 June 1954.
13. Ibid., p. 30: Cabinet Memo by Lord Swinton, 11 October 1954.
14. Ibid., Part 1,p.99: Note on ‘The Probable Development of the
Commonwealth’, June 1956.
15. Ibid., p. 100.
16. See K. Larres, Churchill’s Cold War (2002).
17. See Fortune, November 1952, ‘The Colonial Big Five’.
18. See T. Shaw, Eden, Suez and the Mass Media: Propaganda and
Persuasion during the Suez Crisis (1996), p. 197.
19. S. Howe, Anti-Colonialism in British Politics 1918–1964: The
Left and the End of Empire (Oxford, 1993).
776 / Notes to pages 575–7
20. See S. Ward, Australia and the British Embrace: The Demise of
the Imperial Ideal (Melbourne, 2001), ch. 1. For the economic strains,
see D. Lee, ‘Australia, the British Commonwealth and the United
States, 1950–53’, Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History,
20, 3 (1992), 445–69.
21. J. Jupp, From White Australia to Woomera (Cambridge, 2002),
p. 12.
22. See Megan Hutchings, Long Journey for Sevenpence: Assisted
Immigration to New Zealand from the United Kingdom, 1947–1975
(Wellington, 1999), pp. 45ff.
23. A. McIntosh to C. Berendsen, March 1949, I. McGibbon (ed.),
Undiplomatic Dialogue: Letters between Carl Berendsen and Alister
McIntosh 1943–1952 (Auckland, 1993), p. 177.
24. Press Statement, 21 February 1952, Alister McIntosh Papers, Ms
6579/063, Alexander Turnbull Library.
25. M. Templeton, Ties of Blood and Empire: New Zealand’s
Involvement in Middle East Defence and the Suez Crisis, 1947–1957
(Auckland, 1994), p. 183.
26. Holland’s notes on Suez Crisis and New Zealand policy,
6 November 1956. Alister McIntosh Papers Ms 6759/079. For the
private reservations in the New Zealand cabinet, see R. Pfeiffer,
‘New Zealand and the Suez Crisis of 1956’, Journal of Imperial and
Commonwealth History, 21, 1 (1993), 126–52.
27. See Anna Green, British Capital, Antipodean Labour: Working
the New Zealand Waterfront 1915–1951 (Dunedin, 2001), p. 16.
28. ‘The Boom That Made Canada’, Fortune, August 1952,
p. 91.
29. See P. Buckner, ‘The Long Goodbye: English Canadians and the
British World’, in P. Buckner and D. Francis (eds.), Rediscovering the
British World (Calgary, 2005), pp. 181–207. For Canada’s increasing
economic detachment, see T. Rooth, ‘Britain’s Other Dollar Problem:
Economic Relations with Canada 1945–50’, Journal of Imperial and
Commonwealth History, 27, 1 (1999), 81–108.
777 / Notes to pages 578–86
30. See R. Hyam and P. Henshaw, The Lion and the Springbok:
Britain and South Africa since the Boer War (Cambridge, 2003),
ch. 10.
31. See D. Anderson, Histories of the Hanged (2006).
32. British Documents on the End of Empire: Goldsworthy (ed.), The
Conservative Government and the End of Empire 1951–1957, Part 2,
pp. 282–3: Cabinet Memo by Lord Ismay and O. Lyttelton, 9
November 1951.
33. R. C. O. Matthews, C. H. Feinstein and J. Odling Smee, British
Economic Growth 1856–1973 (Stanford, 1982), p. 128.
34. R. Michie, The City of London: Continuity and Change
1850–1990 (1992), p. 113.
35. W. H. Branson, H. Giersch and P. G. Peterson, ‘Trends in United
States International Trade and Investment since World War II’, in M.
Feldstein (ed.), The American Economy in Transition (1980), p. 184.
36. See the briefing by Sir F. Brundrett, July 1956. Alister McIntosh
Ms 6759/081, Alexander Turnbull Library.
37. N. Tiratsoo and J. Tomlinson, The Conservatives and Industrial
Efficiency, 1951–1964: Thirteen Wasted Years? (1998), pp. 155ff.
38. See S. Strange, Sterling and British Policy (1971), pp. 4–5, for the
definition of ‘master currency’, ‘top currency’ etc.
39. S. N. Broadberry, The Productivity Race: British Manufacturing
in International Perspective, 1850–1990 (Cambridge, 1997), pp. 94–6.
40. The Economist, 25 January 1958,p.356.
41. For the origins of ROBOT, see J. Fforde, The Bank of England
and Public Policy 1941–1958 (Cambridge, 1992), ch. 6.
42. Ibid., pp. 442–3.
43. For Eden’s hostile reaction, see Shuckburgh, Descent to Suez,
pp. 36–8.
44. For an authoritative account of the approach to convertibility, see
Fforde, Bank of England, pp. 585–605.
778 / Notes to pages 586–92
45. The Economist, 3 January 1959,p.12.
46. Broadberry, Productivity Race, pp. 94–6.
47. See J. Black, ‘The Volumes and Prices of British Exports’, in G. N.
Worswick and P. Ady (eds.), The British Economy in the 1950s
(Oxford, 1962), pp. 129–30.
48. See G. C. Peden, The Treasury and British Public Policy
1906–1959 (Oxford, 2000), p. 450.
49. British Documents on the End of Empire: Goldsworthy (ed.), The
Conservative Government and the End of Empire 1951–1957, Part 3,
Economic and Social Policies,p.122.
50. Ibid.
51. Ibid., p. 126: Cabinet Conclusions, 14 September 1956.
52. Ibid., p. 128.
53. Ibid., p. 131.
54. Ibid., p. 134: Joint Cabinet Memo, 6 November 1956.
55. For a critical view, see The Economist, 13 September 1958,p.
815: ‘Which Gospel at Montreal?’.
56. Cmnd. 827 (1959), Report of the Committee on the Working of
the Monetary System,p.657.
57. Ibid., p. 739.
58. Broadberry, Productivity Race, pp. 393ff.
59. For this view, see The Economist, 13 February 1960,p.642.
60. British Documents on the End of Empire: J. Kent (ed.), Egypt and
the Defence of the Middle East, Part 2, 1949–1953 (1998): Memo by
Chiefs of Staff, ‘Defence Policy and Global Strategy’, 17 June 1952.
61. British Documents on the End of Empire: Kent (ed.), Middle East,
Part 2, pp. 538–9: Cabinet Memo by Anthony Eden, 14 January
1953, annex.
62. Ibid., pp. 346–8: Sir R. Stevenson to Eden, 25 February 1952.
63. Ibid.
779 / Notes to pages 593–6
64. Ibid., pp. 355–6: Eden’s Minute to Churchill, 10 March 1952.
65. Ibid., p. 387: Memo by R. Allen, 1 May 1952.
66. No hint of the coup had reached British intelligence, noted the
Joint Intelligence Committee. See CAB 159/12:JIC(52) 83, 30 July
1952.
67.FO371/102796: Minute by R. Allen, 14 February 1953.
68. T. L. Hanes III, ‘Sir Hubert Huddleston and the Independence of
the Sudan’, Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 20, 2
(1992), 248–73.
69. For Neguib’s outlook and attitudes, see General Neguib, Egypt’s
Destiny (1955).
70.FO371/102803: Cresswell to Allen, 30 March 1953.
71.CAB158/ 18:JIC(53) 50, 14 May 1953.
72. British Documents on the End of Empire: Kent (ed.), Middle East,
Part 3, 1953–1956,p.147: Hankey to Eden, 23 November 1953.
Hankey was the son of Lord Hankey, the former Cabinet Secretary
who was a sharp critic of the evacuation policy. His appointment at
the instigation of Churchill was regarded by some Egyptians as a
wrecking move. See FO 371/102848: C. B. Duke (Cairo) to R. Allen,
23 July 1953.
73. Ibid.
74.FO371/102823: Churchill’s Minute, 11 December 1953.
75. Ibid.: Eden’s Minute, 12 December 1953.
76. British Documents on the End of Empire: Kent (ed.), Middle East,
Part 3,p.156: Eden’s Minute to Churchill, 1 December 1953.
77.FO371/102824: Eden’s Minute for Churchill, 21 December 1953.
78.CAB129/61: Memo by Acting Foreign Secretary, 4 July 1953,C
(53) 190. See also M. Thornhill, ‘Britain, the United States and the
Rise of an Egyptian Leader: The Politics and Diplomacy of Nasser’s
Consolidation of Power 1952–4’, English Historical Review, 119, 483
(2004), 892–921.
780 / Notes to pages 597–607
79. British Documents on the End of Empire: Kent (ed.), Middle East,
Part 3,p.163: Eisenhower to Churchill, 21 December 1953.
80. Ibid., p. 82: Eden’s Cabinet Memo, 7 January 1954.
81. See The Times, 26 March, 29 March 1954.
82.CAB129/69, Note by Minister of State, ‘Egypt: Defence
Negotiations’, 6 July 1954,C(45) 220.
83. See the sardonic remarks of Charles Waterhouse in the House of
Commons. The Times, 3 November 1954.
84. Which began as an Iraqi-Turkish agreement in February 1955.
85.CAB158/18:ReportbyJIC,JIC(54) 72 (Final), 11 November
1954.
86. British Documents on the End of Empire: Kent (ed.), Middle East,
Part 3,p.437: Minute by E. Shuckburgh, 23 September 1955.
87. Ibid., p. 447: Cabinet Conclusions, 4 October 1955.
88. Shuckburgh, Descent,p.345.
89. Ibid., p. 346.
90. The best accounts of the Suez crisis can be found in D. Carlton,
Anthony Eden (1981); W. R. Louis and R. Owen (eds.), Suez 1956:
The Crisis and its Consequences (Oxford, 1989); K. Kyle, The Suez
Conflict (1989); and D. J. Dutton, Anthony Eden: A Life and a
Reputation (1997). D. R. Thorp, Eden: The Life and Times of
Anthony Eden (2003), offers a more sympathetic view of Eden than
most. The best recent short account is in R. Hyam, Britain’s Declining
Empire (Cambridge, 2006).
91. In his poem, ‘The Lesson’.
92. A. Nutting, No End of a Lesson (1967).
93. J. G. Ballard, Miracles of Life (2007), p. 21.
94. W. Webster, Englishness and Empire (Oxford, 2005), p. 140.
95. On this theme, see W. R. Louis, ‘Public Enemy Number One:
Britain and the United Nations in the Aftermath of Suez’, in W. R.
Louis, Ends of British Imperialism (2006), pp. 689–724.
781 / Notes to pages 607–16
96. Fforde, Bank of England,p.544.
97. See D. Kunz, The Economic Diplomacy of the Suez Crisis
(Durham, NC, 1991), p. 132.
98. Fforde, Bank of England,p.555.
99. For Commonwealth reactions, see J. Eayrs (ed.), The
Commonwealth and Suez: A Documentary Survey (1964).
100. For a recent account, see Barry Turner, Suez 1956 (2006), which
stresses the muddle and uncertainty of British operations.
101. See R. Worrall, ‘Britain and Libya: A Study of Military Bases
and State Creation, 1945–1956’ (DPhil., Oxford University, 2007 ).
Chapter 14
1. For two recent surveys, see S. Howe, ‘When If Ever Did Empire
End? Internal Decolonization in British Culture since the 1950s’, in
M. Lynn (ed.), The British Empire in the 1950s: Retreat or Revival
(2005); W. Webster, Englishness and Empire 1939–1965 (Oxford,
2005).
2. British Documents on the End of Empire: D. Goldsworthy (ed.),
The Conservative Government and the End of Empire 1951–1957,
Part 2,(1994), pp. 202–4: Cabinet Memo by Colonial Secretary, 4
September 1953.
3. British Documents on the End of Empire: Goldsworthy (ed.), The
Conservative Government and the End of Empire 1951–1957, Part 2,
pp. 206–12: Cumming-Bruce to Laithwaite, 19 August 1955.
4. British Documents on the End of Empire:R.HyamandW.R.
Louis (eds.), The Conservative Government and the End of Empire,
1957–1964, Part 1, High Policy, Political and Constitutional Change
(2000), p. 341: Memo by Colonial Secretary for Cabinet Colonial
Policy Committee, 7 May 1957.
5. Ibid., p. 356: Cabinet Memo, 20 October 1958.
6. Ibid., p. 91: Cabinet Memo, 24 February 1960, Report of Officials’
Committee on ‘Future Policy Study 1960–1970’.
782 / Notes to pages 616–21
7.CO554/2147, Carter to Axworthy, 10 May 1960; Colonial
Secretary (Macleod) to Sir E. Windley (the Governor), 7 March 1961.
8.CO554/1568, Minute by C. G. Eastwood, 11 March 1959.
9. See D. Anderson, Histories of the Hanged (2006).
10.CO822/1200: Baring to Colonial Secretary, 7 March 1954.
11.CO822/1200: Brief for Colonial Secretary, October 1954.
12. Multiracialism was abandoned as a constitutional principle in
1958.
13. British Documents on the End of Empire: Hyam and Louis (eds.),
The Conservative Government and the End of Empire 1957–1964,
Part 1, pp. 371–81: Memo by Colonial Secretary for Cabinet Colonial
Policy Committee, 10 April 1959.
14. Ibid., p. 383: Cabinet Colonial Policy Committee, Minutes, 17
April 1959.
15.FO371/137970: Note by Foreign Office for Cabinet Africa
(official) Committee, ‘Africa: The Next Ten Years. Talks with the
Americans’, 12 October 1959.
16. Ten per cent of post-war investment in Africa had flowed to the
Federation, The Economist reported in December 1958.
17. Welensky had been born in poverty in Southern Rhodesia but his
career as a railwayman, trade unionist and politician had been built in
Northern Rhodesia.
18. The best account of the Emergency is now C. Baker, State of
Emergency: Crisis in Central Africa, Nyasaland 1959–1960 (1997);
see also J. Darwin, ‘The Central African Emergency, 1959’, Journal of
Imperial and Commonwealth History, 21 (1993), 217–34.
19. Baker, Emergency, pp. 153–68.
20. The best biography of Macleod is R. Shepherd, Iain Macleod
(1994).
21. British Documents on the End of Empire: Hyam and Louis (eds.),
The Conservative Government and the End of Empire 1957–1964,
783 / Notes to pages 621–4
Part 1,p.413: ‘I do not believe that we should bow to expediency’
and release Kenyatta, he told Macmillan in April 1961.
22. Ibid., pp. 476–80: Memo by Colonial Secretary for Colonial
Policy Committee, 12 November 1959.
23. Ibid., p. 479.
24. Ibid., p. 485: Macleod’s Minute, 28 July 1960.
25. Ibid., p. 494: Macleod to Turnbull (Governor of Tanganyika),
11 February 1961.
26. Ibid., p. 497:Memo27 February 1961.
27.CO822/2262, Draft Memo for Colonial Policy Committee,
January 1960; Colonial Secretary to Officer Administering the
Government, 12 February 1960.
28.CO822/2262: Minutes of Cabinet Colonial Policy Committee,
8 February 1960.
29.CO822/2263, Minute by F. D. Webber, 15 July 1960.
30.CO822/2264, Monson to Crawford (Governor of Uganda),
30 August 1961.
31.CO822/2264, Coutts to Monson, 24 January 1962.
32. Shepherd, Iain Macleod, pp. 156–7.
33.CO822/1427, Webber to Renison (Governor of Kenya), 1
December 1959.
34. British Documents on the End of Empire: Hyam and Louis (eds.),
The Conservative Government and the End of Empire 1957–1964,
Part 1,p.180: Macleod to Macmillan, 31 May 1960.
35.CO822/2235, Colonial Secretary to Governor of Kenya, 14 April
1961.
36.CO822/2241, Colonial Secretary to Governor of Kenya, 9 May
1961, 19 May 1961.
37. The Times, 12 June 1961: Report by Africa Correspondent.
38. 16 May 1961.
784 / Notes to pages 625–9
39. British Documents on the End of Empire: Hyam and Louis (eds.),
The Conservative Government and the End of Empire 1957–1964,
Part 1,p.529: Memo by Colonial Secretary for Cabinet Colonial
Policy Committee, 30 January 1962. A draft of this can be found in
CO 822/2238.
40. Ibid., p. 531: Cabinet Memo by Colonial Secretary, 6 February
1962.
41. Ibid.
42. British Documents on the End of Empire: P. Murphy (ed.),
Central Africa, Part 1, Closer Association 1945–1958 (2005), p. 433:
Note by B. Trend for Macmillan, 17 November 1958.
43. Ibid., Part 2, Crisis and Dissolution 1959–1965,p.131: Macleod
to Macmillan, 3 April 1960.
44. The Nyasaland Emergency had been followed by those in
Northern and Southern Rhodesia.
45. Macmillan to Welensky, 17 April 1959. Quoted in J. R. T. Wood,
The Welensky Papers (Durban, 1982), p. 665.
46. Wood, Welensky Papers,p.733.
47. British Documents on the End of Empire: Murphy (ed.), Central
Africa, Part 2,p.93: Macleod’s Minute to Macmillan, 3 December
1959.
48. British Documents on the End of Empire: Murphy (ed.), Central
Africa, Part 2,p.182: Macleod’s Minute to Macmillan, 29 November
1960.
49. Wood, Welensky Papers,p.790.
50. British Documents on the End of Empire: Murphy (ed.), Central
Africa, Part 2,p.95: Macleod’s Minute to Macmillan, 3 December
1959.
51. Ibid., p. 131: Macleod (Zomba) to Macmillan, 3 April 1960.
52. Cmnd. 1148 (1960), Report of the Advisory Commission on the
Review of the Constitution of the Federation of Rhodesia and
Nyasaland, para. 27.