
Литература
7
Kathryn
Rudie
Harrigan,
«The
Effect
of
Exit Barriers
upon Strategic
Flexibility»,
Strategic Management
Journall (1980): pp.
165-76.
8
Michael
E.
Porter,
Competitive
Advantage
(New
York:
The Free Press, 1985), pp.
225,485.
9
Porter,
Competitive
Strategy,
ch. 13.
10
J
e
ff
re
y
F-
Rat/port
and
BernardJ.Jaworski,
e-Commerce
(New
York:
McGraw-Hill, 2001), p. 53.
11
Porter,
Competitive
Strategy,
ch.
7.
12
«The
Hardest
Sell»,
Newsweek,
March
30,1992,
p. 41.
13
William
E.
Rothschild,
How
to
Gain (and Maintain)
the Competitive
Advantage
(New
York:
McGraw-Hill,
1989), ch.
5.
14
Robert
V.
L.
Wright,
A
System
for Managing
Diversity
(Cambridge, MA: Arthur D. Little, 1974).
15
The
following
has
been drawn from Bruce Hender-
son's
various
writings,
including
«The
Unanswered
Questions, the Unsolved
Problems»
(paper
delivered
in
a
speech
at
Northwestern University
in
1986);
Henderson on Corporate Strategy (New
York:
Men-
tor, 1982); and «Understanding the Forces
of
Stra-
tegic
and Natural Competition», Journal
of
Business
Strategy (Winter 1981): pp.
11-15.
16
For more
discussion,
see Leonard M. Fuld, Monitoring
the Competition (New
York:
John
Wiley,
1988).
17
«Spy
/Counterspy», Context (Summer 1998): pp.
20-
21.
18
Steven
Flax,
«How
to
Snoop
on
Your
Competitors»,
Fortune, May
14,1984,
pp. 29-33.
19
Porter,
Competitive
Advantage,
Ch.
6.
20
Ogale
Idudu, «London's Once-Stuffy
Selfridges
Now
Woos
Hipsters»,
Wall
Street Journal, September
19,
2000,
p.
Bl.
21
Paul
Lukast «First: Read Column, Rinse, Repeat»,
Fortune,
August
3,1998,
p.
50.
22
Carla
Rapoport,
«You
Can Make Money in Japan»,
Fortune, February
12,1990,
pp.
85-92;
Keithli.Ham-
•
monds,
«A
Moment Kodak
Wants
to Capture,»
Busi-
ness
Week,
August
27,1990,
pp. 52-53;
Alison
Fahey,
«Polaroid, Kodak, Fuji Get
Clicking,»
Advertising
Age, May 20,1991, p. 18;
Peter
Nulty,
«The
New Look
of Photography», Fortune,
July
1,1991,
pp. 36-41.
23
«Kodak Develops Own Strategy», Nikkei Weekly,
May
15,2001
24
Erika Rasmusson, «The
Jackpot»,
Sales
&
Marketing
Management (June 1998): pp. 35-41.
25
Ron
Winslow, «Missing
a
Beat: How
a
Breakthrough
Qui Broke Down for Johnson
&
Johnson: Its Stent
Device Transformed Cardiac Care, Then Left a Big
Opening for
Rivals:
Getting Kicked in the
Shins:
Wall
Street Journal, September
18,1998,
p.
Al,
26
The intensified
competition
that
has taken
place
worl-
dwide recent years has sparked management interest
in
models of
military
warfare; see Sun Tsu, The Art of
War (London: University Press, 1963); Miyamoto
Mushashi,
A
Book
off
Rings (Woodstock, NY: Over-
look Press, 1974); Carl
fon
Clausewitz,
On War
(London:
Routledge
&
Kegan Paul, 1908);
В.
Н. Lid-
dell-Hart, Strategy (New York: Praeger, 1967).
27
These
six
defense strategies, as well'as the
five
attack
strategies,
are
taken from Philip Kotler and Ravi
Singh, «Mark «Warfare in the 1980s»,
Journal
of Busi-
ness Strategy (Winter 1981): pp. 30-41. For additio-
nal
reading,
see
Gerald
A. Michaelson, Winning the
Marketing
War: A
Field Manual
for
Business
(Lanham,
MD:
Abt
Books, 1987);
AL
Ries and Jack
Trout,
Marketing Warfare (New York: New American
Library, 1986);
Jay
Conrad Levinson, Guerrilla
Marketing (Boston: Hough, Mifflin Co., 1984); and
Barrie
G.James,
Business Wargames,
(Harmondsworth,
England:
Penguin Books, 1984).
28
«Leader of
the
Pack», Pittsburgh
Post-Gazette,
April
1,
2000.
29
«Goodyear Timeline: 1990s»,
<www.goodyear.com>.
30
Porter, Competitive Strategy. Ch.
4.
31
Richard Thomkins, «Wal-Mart Invades Food Chain
Turf», Louis Post-Dispatch, October 7,1998, p.
Cl;
Maria Halkias, «Wal-Mart
to
Debut Local Grocery
Store», Dallas Morning News, August 4, 2000.
32
Relative market share is the business's
market
share in
its served market relative
to
the combined market
share
of
as three leading competitors, expressed
as a
percentage.
For example,
if
this business has
30
per-
cent
of
the market and
its
three largest competitors
have
20
percent,
10
percent
and 10
percent:
30/
(20110110)575 percent relative market share.
33
Sidney Schoeffler, Robert
D.
Buzzeu, and Donald
F.
Heany, «Impact
of
Strategic Planning on Profit Per-
formance», Harvard Business Review (March—April
1974): pp. 137-145; Robert D.Buzzell, Bradley
T.
Gale,
and
Ralph G. M. Sultan, «Market
Share:
A Key to Pro-
fitability», Harvard Business Review G
a
nuary—Feb-
ruary 1975): pp. 97-106.
34
Buzzeu. et al., «Market Share», pp. 97,100. The results
held up'
in
more recent PIMS studies, where
the
database now includes 2,600 business units in
a
wide
range
of
industries. See Robert D. Buzzell and Bradley
T.
Gale,
The PIMS Principles: Linking Strategy
to
Performance
(New York: The Free Press, 1987).
35
Richard
G.
Hamennesh,
M. I. Andersonjr.,
and/.
E.
Harris,
«Strategies
for Low
Market Share Businesses»,
Harvard
Business Review
(May—June
1978):
pp.
95-
102.
36
Carolyn Y. Woo
and
Arnold
С
Cooper,
«The Surprising
Case
for Low Market Share», Harvard Business Re-
view
(November-December
1982):
pp.
106-113; also
see their «Market-Share Leadership: Not Always
So